Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
When genes are linked, the parental combinations... |
... outnumber the recombinant types |
|
|
Deviations from 1:1:1:1 ratios in F2 progeny can represent... |
... chance events or linkage (in a Chi-square test) |
|
|
What is a Chi-square test? |
Pinpoints the probability that ratios are evidence of linkage. |
|
|
The null hypothesis of a Chi-square is... |
no linkage |
|
|
The degrees of freedom (df) = |
N - 1 (N is the number of classes; in our class there are 2 classes: Parental and Recombinant) |
|
|
Chi-square (fancy x^2) = |
sum of ((O-E)^2)/E |
|
|
The p-value if found using |
df and chi-square |
|
|
Given the df = 1, and chi-square (fancy x^2) <= 2.71, the p-value... |
Cannot reject the hypothesis, aka, there is no linkage |
|
|
Given the df = 1, and chi-square (fancy x^2) >= 3.94, the p-value... |
Can reject the hypothesis, aka, there is a linkage |
|
|
To more likely prove a linkage, what should you do? |
Test more F2 progeny |
|
|
Recombination is... |
a result of crossing-over during meiosis |
|
|
What did Alfred H. Sturtevant do? |
Created the first gene map (in his undergrad year) |
|
|
Distant genes on one chromosome behave (blank) genes on different chromosomes |
almost like |
|
|
Linked genes have (blank) parental genes than recombinant genes in the F2 |
more |
|
|
Unlinked genes have (blank) parental genes than recombinant genes in the F2 |
the same amount of |
|
|
Three point crosses are... ... than two point crosses |
...faster and more accurate... |
|
|
The Double crossover gene is... |
the gene in middle with the least recombinants
|
|
|
Interference = |
1- (observed double crossover frequency / expected DCO f) |
|
|
Chromosomal interference... |
occurrence of crossover in one portion of a chromosome interferes with crossover in an adjacent part of the chromosome |
|
|
Why did people think genes were composed of proteins rather than DNA? |
Because proteins has 20 different subunits rather than the 4 DNA has
|
|
|
What did Frederick Griffith do? |
Discovered transformation |
|
|
How did the rats prove transformation? |
Dead cells keep rat alive, and just DNA kept rats alive, but both made rat die |
|
|
What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarthy confirm? |
DNA is the transforming principle. Polymerase, RNase, and something else were destroyed and no change happened, but destroyed DNase was the only one to show a change |
|
|
The Hershey-Chase Waring blender experiment proved... |
DNA is the carrier of genetic information |
|
|
DNA's chemical constituents are |
Deoxyribose, Phosphate, and either a Purines (A G) or a Pyrimidine (T C) |
|
|
What is the difference between a Nucleoside and a Nucleotide? |
A Nucleotide has the phosphate group, a Nucleoside is just the Deoxyribose and AGTC group |
|
|
DNA has polarity in what direction? |
5' to 3' |
|
|
The double helix has two different variants... |
B-form (right-handed, smooth backbone) and Z-form (left-handed, irregular backbone) |
|
|
Difference between RNA and DNA? |
U instead of T Ribose instead of Deoxyribose RNA is usually single stranded |
|
|
DNA synthesis proceeds in... |
a 5' to 3' directions |
|
|
What are the phases of DNA replication? |
Initiation- Preparation, Single-stranded binding proteins keep DNA open, Primase synthesizes RNA primer Elongation- Leading strand has continuous synthesis, Lagging strand has discontinuous synthesis in Okazaki fragments |
|
|
Substitution Mutation |
replacement of a base by another base |
|
|
Transition mutation |
Purine or pyrimidine replaced by the same type |
|
|
Transversion mutation |
Purine or pyrimidine replaced by the opposite type |
|
|
Deletion mutation |
block of 1 or more base pair lost from DNA |
|
|
Insertion mutation |
block of 1 or more base pair added to DNA |
|
|
Inversion mutation |
180 degree rotation of a segment of DNA |
|
|
Reciprocal Translocation mutation |
parts of two nonhomologous chromosomes change places |
|
|
Rates of spontaneous mutation are... |
very low (2-12 mutations per gene every 10^6 gamates) |
|
|
Why are mistakes during DNA replication are extremely rare? |
because DNA polymerase proofreads the DNA, and Methyl-directed corrects errors |
|
|
impact of unrepaired mutations... |
Germ line mutations (occur in gametes)- transmitted through generations, raw material for natural selection Somatic mutations (Occur in non-germ cells) - Not transmitted, can lead to cancer |
|
|
Complementation testing reveals whether 2 recessive mutations are... |
in a single gene or in different genes |
|
|
Gerog Beadle and Edward Tatum confirmed... |
The one gene, one enzyme hypothesis |
|
|
Transcription is ... and Translation is... |
... DNA to RNA ... RNA to proteins |
|
|
What are the Stop codons? |
UAA, UAG, UGA |
|
|
What is the Start codon? |
AUG |
|
|
Describe the "Tattoo every geneticist should have" |
DNA - RNA like (coding) strand 5' to 3' and Template strand 3' to 5' mRNA - 5' to 3' Polypeptide - N to C terminus |
|
|
Genetic code is almost... |
Universal
|
|
|
Steps of Translation |
Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequence at beginning of gene Elongation - RNA polymerase moves from 3' to 5' direction on Template strand of DNA Termination - Terminates signal end of translation (hairpin loops) |
|
|
Capping the 5' end of RNA adds... |
a "Backwards" G to the 1st nucleotide of eukaryotic mRNA |
|
|
Processing adds (Blank) to the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA |
a poly-A tail |
|
|
What does RNA splicing do? |
remove introns, leaving the exons (the expressed regions) |
|
|
Where is the start and end of an intron? |
"gutantag", the start of the intron is GU and the end is AG |
|
|
Alternative splicing can... |
produce different mRNAs from the same gene |
|
|
Steps of translation in eukaryotes |
Initiation - ribosomal subunit binds to 5' cap, scans for AUG codon. Initiator carries MET to AUG Elongation - Addition of amino acids to C-terminus, Charged tRNA bind in A site Termination - release factors bind to the stop codons, release of ribosomal subunits, mRNA, and polypeptide |
|
|
how is translation in prokaryotes different? |
There are 3 specific steps in initiation- small ribosomal subunit binds to first, fMet-tRNA positioned in P site, large subunit binds |
|
|
Posttranslational processing can modify a polypeptide how? |
cleavage can remove an amino acid or split a polyprotein, and chemical constituent addition may modify a protein |
