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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is primary structure? |
Amino acids link together with peptide bonds. |
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What is secondary structure? |
The amino acids either form into alpha helix or beta pleated sheet because of hydrogen bonds. |
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What is tertiary structure? |
The protein folds because certain points of the structure are attracted to each other. |
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What is quaternary structure? |
The polypeptide strands attach to each other to make a bigger protein. |
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What happens if an enzyme messes up in a pyruvate? |
If one enzyme messes up n a pyruvate everything can be thrown off in the protein. |
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What do catalysts do? |
Catalysts speed up molecular change and reduce the amount of activation energy needed, it does not become a part of the molecule. |
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What does glycolysis start and end with? |
Glycolysis starts with glucose and ends with pyruvates. |
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2 examples of inborn errors: |
- Albinism: lack of the enzyme that makes melanin in eyes, skin, and hair. - PKU: lack of enzymes so amino acids build up in brain, causes mental retardation. |
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What does adult hemoglobin have? |
Adult hemoglobin has two alpha and two beta chains. |
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What does embryo hemoglobin have? |
Embryo hemoglobin has two epsilon and two zeta chains. |
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What happens to the fetus' hemoglobin as it matures? |
As the fetus matures gamma chains turn into beta chains. |
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What is blood plasma? |
Blood plasma is the liquid portion of the blood. |
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How many proteins does blood have and how many of those are plasma proteins? |
Blood has 40,000 proteins, and 10/40,000 of those proteins are 90% of the plasma proteins. |
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What happens to blood plasma if conditions change? |
If conditions change (allergic reactions/infections) the protein profile of plasma changes dramatically. |
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What is the pancreas made of? |
The pancreas is made up of stem cells. |
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What do the stem cells of the pancreas have? |
Exocrine progenitor cells. |
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What do the exocrine progenitor cells of the pancreas have? |
Endocrine progenitor cells. |
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What are the endocrine progenitor cells made up of? |
70% beta cells |
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What do changes in the promoter sequence affect? |
Changes in the promoter sequence can affect how quickly the encoded gene is synthesized. |
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1 Example of a change in the promoter sequence: |
- Early onset Alzheimer's: Mutation in the promoter sequence that encodes for precursor proteins, so sticky proteins accumulate in the brain twice as fast and it is not cleared out quickly. |
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What turns transcription "on"? |
More acetyls and phosphates and less methyls. |
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What turns transcription "off"? |
More methyls added to the histones. |
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What do microRNAs do? |
microRNAs stop translation of mRNA transcripts, and regulate 1/3 of protein encoding genes. |
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What is like microRNA? |
RNAi is like microRNA because it blocks expression. |
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Why is meiosis necessary for consistency for our species? |
Meiosis ensures that all produced organisms have the correct number of chromosomes for survival, babies need 46 chromosomes when born. |
