Genetics Test

Front 1

mitotic spindle

Back 1

microtubules and proteins that help chromosomes move during mitosis

Front 2

mitotic phase

Back 2

mitosis AND cytokinesis

Front 3

interphase

Back 3

90% of cell cycle

Front 4

centrosome

Back 4

area of cell that organizes microtubules with a pair of centrioles

Front 5

aster

Back 5

radial array of short microtubules extended from each centrosome

Front 6

kinetochore

Back 6

proteins associated with sections of chromosomal DNA at each cenotromere

Front 7

metaphase plate

Back 7

imaginary plate that exists during metaphse; chromosome are aligned on it

Front 8

cell plate

Back 8

cell wall materials that turn into cell wall

Front 9

binary fission

Back 9

asexual reproduction of eukaryotes; grow double size and then split in two

Front 10

origin of replication

Back 10

chromosome that starts replication in binary fission

Front 11

cyclin

Back 11

protein that cyclically fluctuates concentration in cell

Front 12

growth factor

Back 12

protein released by cells that stimulate others to divide

Front 13

density-dependent inhibition

Back 13

crowded, healthy cells stop dividing; external

Front 14

anchorage independence

Back 14

must be attached to substrate to divide

Front 15

transformation (cancer-related)

Back 15

process that converts normal cell to cancer cell

Front 16

benign tumor

Back 16

cannot survive in any site other than the one it was made in

Front 17

malignant tumor

Back 17

cells with genetics that let them move to a new site

Front 18

metastasis

Back 18

movement of cancer cells to locations distant from original site

Front 19

diploid cell

Back 19

two chromosome sets

Front 20

zygote

Back 20

fertilized egg

Front 21

alternation of generations

Back 21

haploid and diploid stages are both multicellular

Front 22

chiasmata

Back 22

X-shaped region where cross-over occurs

Front 23

synapsis

Back 23

paired homologs become connected by a zipper like protein

Front 24

crossing over

Back 24

genetic rearrangement of nonsister chromatids; DNA is exchanged

Front 25

recombinant chromosomes

Back 25

individual chromosomes with genes from two different parents

Front 26

hybridization

Back 26

crossing of two true breeds

Front 27

law of segregation

Back 27

two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

Front 28

testcross

Back 28

breeding organism of unknown genotype with recessive homozygous

Front 29

monohybrid

Back 29

hybrid for only one character

Front 30

dihybrid

Back 30

hybrid for two characters

Front 31

law of independent assortment

Back 31

each pair of alleles separates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation

Front 32

multiplication rule

Back 32

probability of two or more events occurring together by multiplying individual probabilities

Front 33

addition rule

Back 33

probability of one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring by adding probabilities

Front 34

incomplete dominance

Back 34

situation where phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate for phenotypes of homozygous alleles

Front 35

codominance

Back 35

two alleles affect phenotype in very separate ways

Front 36

TAy-Sachs disease

Back 36

recessive allele that causes seizures in children

Front 37

pleiotropy

Back 37

multiple phenotypic effects

Front 38

epistasis

Back 38

gene at one locus alters gene at another locus

Front 39

polygenic inheritance

Back 39

effect of two or more genes on one phenotypic character

Front 40

norm of reactoin

Back 40

range of phenotypic possibilities (e.g. blood type)

Front 41

multifactorial

Back 41

genetic and environmental factors influence phenotype

Front 42

Huntingtons disease

Back 42

DOMINANT allele disease that causes failure of nervous system

Front 43

amniocentesis

Back 43

test to determine if prenatal baby has TAy-Sachs disease by inserting needle into uterus

Front 44

chromosome theory of inheritance

Back 44

genes have specific loci along chromosomes, which undergo segregation and independent assortment

Front 45

sex-linked gene

Back 45

gene on either X or Y chromosome

Front 46

Duchenne muscular distrophy

Back 46

human X-linked disorder; muscle and coordination

Front 47

hemophilia

Back 47

X-linked recessive disorder that prevents blood clotting

Front 48

Barr body

Back 48

compact object with inactive X of each cell

Front 49

genetic recombination

Back 49

production of offspring with combo traits that differ from both parents

Front 50

parental types

Back 50

offspring that have at least one parental phenotype

Front 51

recombinant

Back 51

offspring with no parental phenotypes, but combo

Front 52

genetic map

Back 52

ordered list of genetic loci along a chromosome

Front 53

linkage map

Back 53

genetic map based on recombination frequencies

Front 54

map units

Back 54

one map unit = 1% recombination frquency

Front 55

cytogenetic maps

Back 55

locate genes with respect to chromosomal features like stained bandsno

Front 56

nondisjunction

Back 56

when those chromosomes do not move apart separately during meiosis

Front 57

aneuploidy

Back 57

zygote with abnormal number of chromosomes

Front 58

monosomic

Back 58

2n-1 aneuplodiy

Front 59

trisomsic

Back 59

2n + 1 aneuplodiy

Front 60

polyploidy

Back 60

more than two complete chromosomal sets in all somatic cells

Front 61

deletion

Back 61

chromosome fragment is lost

Front 62

duplication

Back 62

deleted fragment attaches to sister chromatid

Front 63

inversion

Back 63

fragment reattaches to original chromsome in the opposite way

Front 64

translocation

Back 64

fragment joins nonhomologous chromosomes

Front 65

genomic imprinting

Back 65

variation of phenotype depends upon whether allele is inherited from mom or dad