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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is structural genomics?
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genetic and physical mapping of the sequenced genome, and the sequencing of additional genes
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What is comparative genomics?
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comparison of sequenced genomes to understand evolutionary relationships and conserved functional characteristics
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What is functional genomics
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analyzing the functions of genes
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What is proteomics?
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studying the complement of a protein present in a cell to identify location, function, and interactions
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What was the first organism to have its genome sequenced? How many genes does it have?
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Mycoplasma genitalium, 471
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How have protein coding regions been conserved over time compared to non-protein coding regions?
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they are conserved more, frameshift doesn't happen, no nonsense mutations, and few insertion deletions.
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What is site-directed mutagenesis?
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a mutation is engineered into a primer and created by PCR, only useful for small mutations
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When is proteomics mainly used?
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When two proteins are believed to interact. When either has a mutation, the same phenotype results.
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What is a yeast 2-hybrid assay? When is it used?
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When two proteins interact with one another. It's binding two different molecules to the two proteins thought to interact, and if they do, the protein will be functional
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What is chromatin immunoprecpitation and when is it used?
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It's used when a protein is thought to interact with DNA (transcriptional factor), you use antibodies to isolate the protein, and also isolate the chromatin. Put the DNA with the protein bound in a column with the antibodies attached to the walls, when the protein binds to the antibodies, you can isolate the associated DNA and sequence it
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What is genetic therapy?
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using transfectin to add a gene required to treat a genetic deficiency
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What diseases are treated with genetic therapy commonly>?
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sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis
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What is enzyme replacement therapy? Where do the enzymes come from?
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when you add an enzyme to treat an enzyme deficiency, its isolated from animals or cadavers, or created in GMOs
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What does transgenic mean?
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has genes from another organism
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How do transgenic animals work through the goat example?
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Use PCR to amplify the AT (antithrombin) gene from humans using the cDNA library so it's the processed form. Don't amplify the promoter. Amplify the goat beta-casein promoter which turns on the genes in the mammary glands. Ligate the promoter to the AT gene, put into a plasmid with a selectable marker. Transfect the goat cell line with the plasmid, screen for GFP, insert the transfected goat nucleus into enucleated goat oocytes, implant embryo in mother
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What things exhibit non-mendelian genetics?
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mitochondria and chloroplast
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What is the maternal effect?
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the genotype of the mom affects the phenotype of the baby because the mom contributes mRNA and the father doesn't.
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How is the mitochondrial genome different from the nuclear genome?
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its circular, different G/C content, no histones, multiple copies in each mitochondria
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What are the two strands of the mitochondrial DNA and what differentiates them?
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Heavy strand on the outside, more G/C's
Light strand on the inside, more A/Ts |
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Which strand of mitochondrial DNA is replicated first?
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heavy strand
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What are the nuclear genes of the mitochondria?
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the imported ones, DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, cell respiration genes
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Who do we inherit our mitochondria from?
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From our mom
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What is ooplasmic transfer?
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getting other mitos to transfer so mothers don't pass on mitochondrial disorders
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What is heteroplasmy?
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when theres not the same sequence in all the copies of DNA
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What does heteroplasmy often result in?
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more than 1 allele for the same gene in the same cell
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