Genetics Lecture 1 Cards

Front 1

Mendel Discovers_______

Back 1

the rule of heredity

Front 2

The gene is_______

Back 2

the unit of inheritance of a trait

Front 3

Crick discovered

Back 3

the central dogma of molecular biology (DNA-RNA-Protein)

Front 4

Triplet_____

Back 4

Code

Front 5

New Disciplines:

Back 5

Biotechnology, Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics, Genomics, Proteomics

Front 6

Blending Inheritance

Back 6

blending of the genes and phenotypes; two alleles blend together and never separate

Front 7

Particulate Theory of Inheritance

Back 7

By Mendel; gene is the unit of inheritance; rule of generic heredity; dominate and recessive traits passed down (incomplete dominance)

Front 8

Law of Segregation

Back 8

Factors separates randomly into the gametes. Diploid (2n) into haploid (n): two phenotypes

Front 9

Law of Independent Assortment

Back 9

Alleles for one trait are independent from another (i.e. height and color)

Front 10

Hermann J. Muller

Back 10

Showed off mutant phenotypes with X-ray breed irradiated flies

Front 11

Recombinants

Back 11

map the locations of genes on chromosomes

Front 12

Enzymes are produced by______

Back 12

Genes

Front 13

Transmission genetics is concern with_____

Back 13

the passing of genes from generation to generation and their assortments

Front 14

Single circular chromosomes are in_____

Back 14

Prokaryotes

Front 15

Multiple linear chromosomes (DNA) are in_____

Back 15

Eukaryotes

Front 16

Virus

Back 16

Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

Front 17

Virion

Back 17

RNA without any coat protein

Front 18

______ trait is based on one gene

Back 18

Monogenic

Front 19

Transmission of genetic info

Back 19

DNA replication

Front 20

Expression of genetic info

Back 20

Transcription, Translation, and Gene Regulation

Front 21

One gene one polypeptide

Back 21

prokaryotes

Front 22

one gene-many polypeptide

Back 22

eukaryotes

Front 23

Social concerns in genetics

Back 23

stem cells, human cloning, in-vitro fertilization, biological weapons, synthetic cells

Front 24

Gene:

Back 24

specific sequence of nucleotides which encodes protein/enzyme

Front 25

Chromosome

Back 25

DNA is organized with histone proteins into these

Front 26

Genome

Back 26

The complete DNA sequence of the haploid set in an organism

Front 27

DNA polymerase

Back 27

key enzyme to DNA Replication

Front 28

What acts as templates in DNA Replication?

Back 28

Original DNA strands

Front 29

DNA synthesis is______

Back 29

semi-discontinuous

Front 30

DNA synthesis occurs in the_____ of the cell cycle

Back 30

S phase

Front 31

______ acts like a template in transcription

Back 31

DNA

Front 32

RNA polymerase is used to______

Back 32

initiate transcription by making an RNA chain

Front 33

mRNA is:

Back 33

a codon produced by RNA polymerase as a template for the amino acid sequence

Front 34

Site of Translation:

Back 34

Ribosomes

Front 35

mRNA (64 codons) is decoded by_____

Back 35

tRNA an anti-codon

Front 36

Ribosomal RNA:

Back 36

peptidyl transference enzyme

Front 37

Sources of genetic variation

Back 37

independent segregation of chromosomes, recomination, mutation

Front 38

Factors that affects genetic variation

Back 38

natural selection, gene flow, nonrandom mating, population size

Front 39

Genetic divergence leads to_____

Back 39

species formation

Front 40

____ trait is where a phenotype is based on multiple genes with different%

Back 40

Polygenic

Front 41

______ trait is where you have a single gene affect multiple traits in a a drastic way

Back 41

Pleiotropic

Front 42

_____ discovered the 3D structure of DNA; the double helix

Back 42

James Watson and Franics Crick

Front 43

"One gene-one polypeptide" applies to____

Back 43

bacteria (Prokaryotes)

Front 44

"One gene-multiple polypeptide" applies to ___

Back 44

most multi-cellular Eukaryotes

Front 45

____ encrypt information for transcription

Back 45

exons

Front 46

_____ are spaces between encrypted DNA

Back 46

introns

Front 47

Molecular genetics

Back 47

study of the molecular structure of genes

Front 48

Population genetics

Back 48

studies heredity in groups of individuals for traits that are determined by one or only a few genes

Front 49

Quantitative genetics

Back 49

considers the heredity of traits in groups of individuals, but the traits of concern are determined by many genes

Front 50

Organisms for research must have a ____ life cycle

Back 50

short

Front 51

Organisms for research must a _____ number of offspring

Back 51

large

Front 52

Organisms for research should be _____ to handle

Back 52

easy

Front 53

Organisms for research should have _____ genetic variation

Back 53

good

Front 54

An insect that is good for genetic study

Back 54

fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)

Front 55

Single cell eukaryote good for genetic study

Back 55

yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Front 56

A worm good for genetic research

Back 56

nematode worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)

Front 57

A plant good for genetic research

Back 57

mustard weed (Arabidopsis thaliana)

Front 58

__RNAs are translated in the cytoplasm to produce polypeptides (in the nucleus)

Back 58

messenger

Front 59

Enzymes for DNA replication, repair, and transcription, and proteins associated with DNA to form chromosomes are made in the _____

Back 59

cytoplasm

Front 60

____ results in blending only of the phenotype, keeping alleles within the heterozygote distinct (making it inheritable in future generations)

Back 60

Incomplete dominance

Front 61

Law of ______ means that two factors controlling one trait are assorted independently from the two factors controlling another trait

Back 61

Independent Assortment

Front 62

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Back 62

Studied fruit flies; figuring out sex-linked inheritance (X-chromosome linking to eye color), used recombinants

Front 63

George Beadle and Edward Tatum

Back 63

Discovery: one-gene one-enzyme concept

Front 64

one gene-one enzyme meaning

Back 64

Each gene directly produces a single enzyme, affecting an individual step in a metabolic pathway

Front 65

one gene-multiple polypeptide meaning

Back 65

Is done through alternative splicing

Front 66

one gene-one polypeptide

Back 66

No introns to cut so a gene can only code for one polypeptide

Front 67

PubMed

Back 67

literature citation, abstract and provide links to the sites with electronic versions of journal articles

Front 68

OMIM

Back 68

database of human genes and genetic disorders

Front 69

Blast

Back 69

compares DNA and protein sequences

Front 70

Gene Bank

Back 70

an annotated DNA sequence database

Front 71

Entrez

Back 71

a system for searching linked databases

Front 72

Genetic maps

Back 72

sites of genes on the chromosome, genetic distances between them based on recombination frequencies