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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nucleus |
Control centre of the cell. Where the chromosomes are located |
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
chemical which carries genetic information, made up of nucleotides |
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chromosome |
strand of DNA which contains many genes |
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homologous |
chromosomes that are the same length and size, and have the same gene location |
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gene |
a specific section of DNA that codes for a particular protein and therefore controls a particular trait |
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allele |
alternative form of a gene/gene that occupies the same position as another on homologous chromosomes |
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nucleotide |
a unit of DNA built up of a phosphate, a sugar and a base |
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base |
one of the 3 parts that makes up DNA/adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine |
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amino acid |
an acid coded by a triplet base sequence that joins with other amino acids to create a protein |
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protein |
made up of amino acids, and controls a certain characteristic |
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trait |
physical characteristics of an organism |
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dominant |
the allele that will be expressed in the phenotype if it is present as a single gene or 2 genes |
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recessive |
the allele that is only expressed in the phenotype if it present as 2 genes (dominant must be absent) |
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genotype |
the combination of alleles that an organism contains |
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phenotype |
the expression/ physical characteristic of the genotype |
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pure breeding |
group of identical individuals that always produce offspring with the same phenotype when interbred/homozygous individuals |
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homozygous |
a pair of alleles that are the same |
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heterozygous |
a pair of alleles that are different (dominant and recessive) |
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pedigree chart |
family tree that shows the genetic relationships between members of the same family/inheritance patterns for specific characteristics |
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test cross |
test that determines whether or not an individual is purebred, by breeding it with an individual that is homozygous recessive for the condition in question |
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genetic variation |
the variation of alleles in a gene pool |
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meiosis |
cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes to half the normal number, producing 4 genetically different cells. Only occurs in gametes |
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gamete |
sex cell |
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zygote |
cell formed when the male gamete fuses with the female gamete |
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asexual reproduction |
reproduction involving only one parent, producing identical offspring |
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sexual reproduction |
reproduction involving 2 parents, where offspring has some features inherited from each parent |
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mutation |
a sudden, permanent change in a gene or whole chromosome |
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crossing over |
a process in which sections of DNA are exchanged between homologous pairs of chromosomes when they line up on the cell equator, during meiosis. A cause of variation |
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independent assortment |
the random lining up of homologous pairs of chromosomes along the cell equator during meiosis. A cause of variation |
