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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the nature of the genetic material? |
Carried on Chromosomes -> Protein(structural) -> DNA (Genetic Information) Human 46 chromosomes -> 23 pairs • Mouse 20 pairs • Pigeon 40 pairs • Roundworm 1 pair • Indian Fern 630 pairs Humans: -> 22 pairs similar- autosomes (non-sex) -> 1 pair sex chromosome (XX=female, XY=male) |
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Karyotype |
Arrangement of chromosomes • Diploid- two copies of each chromosome 2n (n= number of different Chromosomes) • Haploid- n |
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Structure of Chromosomes |
Back (Definition) |
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Ploidy |
Diploid - 2n Haploid - n -> Gametes (Sperm/Egg) Polyploid= Many copies |
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Mitosis and Meiosis |
Back (Definition) |
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Mendelian Inheritance |
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Monk, BRNO (Czech Republic) Locus- Position on the Chromosome Alleles- Variants of same gene (e.g. R or r) Homozygous- Same alleles Heterozygous- Different alleles |
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Generation |
Dominant Allele Recessive Allele |
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Inheritance of Sex |
Back (Definition) |
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Sex-Linked Genes (1) |
Back (Definition) |
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Sex-Linked Genes (2) |
Back (Definition) |
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X-Chromosome Inactivation |
Back (Definition) |
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Multi-gene Genetics |
Back (Definition) |
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Genetic Recombination |
Back (Definition) |
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Genetic Aberrations |
Back (Definition) |
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Chromosome Inheritance |
Aberration/ faults E.g. Down Syndrome- Trisomy 21 (3 copies of Chromosome 21) E.g. Klingefelters Syndrome- Genetically male XXY |
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Human and Animal life cycle |
Back (Definition) |
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Development of the Embryo (1) |
Fertilised egg- Single cell • Gestation period - Human 266 days - Mouse 20 days - Elephant 645 days |
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Development of the Embryo (2) |
Back (Definition) |
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Development of the Embryo (3) |
Back (Definition) |
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Neurulation |
Back (Definition) |
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Developmental problems |
Back (Definition) |
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Organogenesis |
Back (Definition) |
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Epigenetics |
• Genetic changes not associated with DNA sequence • Genes permanently switched on/off • Determines cell type |
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Genes involved in development |
• Mutants • Drosophila (fruit fly) • Homeotic mutants - Mutants affecting development- -> Bithorax -> Antennapedia -> Control Genes Universal Function -> Hox Genes • e.g. Eyeless (Drosophila PAX-6 Gene) -> Bilateral Anopthalmia (PAX-6) (human) |
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Nature vs Nurture debate (1) |
Genetics- e.g. Haemophilia Environmental- e.g. Rickets |
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Nature vs Nurture debate (2) |
Both- Rhesus blood group Rh+ or Rh- • Problems in pregnancy - Transfusion of Rh+ blood to a Rh- person= Generates antibodies against Rh+ = sever reaction |
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Temperature sensitive genes |
E.g. Siamese cats/ Himalayan guinea pigs • Growth in a colder environment produces a darker colour |
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Measuring effects of Genetics vs Environment |
• Keep environment constant- e.g. plants • Genetics constant (difficult)- need genetically identical individuals - Inbred Lines (e.g. mice) - Cloning (e.g. Dolly the sheep) - Twins |
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Twins (1) |
Back (Definition) |
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Twins (1) |
Back (Definition) |
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Twins (2) |
Back (Definition) |
