Genetics Final Test

Front 1

Biological Amplification

Back 1

uses bacteria or simple eukaryotes to replicate DNA for you

Front 2

PCR (3)

Back 2

Polymerase Chain Reaction
-high temp denatures DNA to separate strands
-lower to temps to allow primers to anneal
-Raise temp to allow DNA Polymerase to work

Front 3

Gel Electrophoresis

Back 3

-separates charged molecules in a mixture to confirm you have right DNA
-smaller and circular molecules migrate farther

Front 4

What direction will molecules migrate?

Back 4

if negatively charged will move toward the ANODE

Front 5

Why should you use a plasmid vector?

Back 5

1. An origin of replication
2. A selectable marker (antibiotic resistance)
3. Multiple Cloning Site

Front 6

What color is the plasmid vector if it has the insert?

Back 6

white colonies

Front 7

Southern Blot

Back 7

DNA is transfered to the filter and hybridized with labeled probe

Front 8

Northern Blot

Back 8

Uses RNA

Front 9

Western Blot

Back 9

Uses Proteins

Front 10

Chain Termination

Back 10

the most common method used for DNA sequencing using 2, 3 prime dideoxy nucleotides.
-no other nucleotides can be added to dideoxy

Front 11

Polymorphic

Back 11

a gene has more than one allele
1/3rd of all genes are polymorphic

Front 12

heterozygosity (2)

Back 12

the total frequency of heterozygotes at a particular locus
a measure of variation

Front 13

population

Back 13

a group of individuals in a given local area that have the potential to mate and produce viable offspring

Front 14

How do you calculate allele frequencies from numbers?

Back 14

2 * #A1/A1 + #A1/A2 / 2N

Front 15

How do you calculate allele frequencies from genotype frequencies

Back 15

.5 * f(A1/A2) + f(A1/A1)

Front 16

What is the equation for the change in allele frequency in next generation due to mutations

Back 16

frequency of current generation allele - (rate of mutation) * (frequency of current generation allele)

Front 17

What does p^2 + 2pq + q^2 represent?

Back 17

possible genotypic frequencies

Front 18

What is a consequence of inbreeding?

Back 18

increases homozygosity

Front 19

What is assortive mating?

Back 19

Mating based on phenotype
positive and negative

Front 20

positive mating

Back 20

like mates with like
increases homozygosity

Front 21

negative mating

Back 21

like mates with unlike
increases heterozygosity

Front 22

Is inbreeding the same as assortive mating?

Back 22

NO

Front 23

inbreeding coefficient

Back 23

the probability that two alleles in an individuals are identical by descent (F)

Front 24

What is F for siblings?

Back 24

1/4

Front 25

What is F for cousins?

Back 25

1/16

Front 26

Frequency Independent Selection

Back 26

fitness of the phenotypes is independent of frequency of phenotypes
EX: ability to grow in a desert

Front 27

Frequency Dependent Selection

Back 27

fitness of phenotype changes depending on frequency of phenotype is population
Ex: hinged fish or wing pattern in butterflys

Front 28

associated fitness (W)

Back 28

if W = 1, then no selection
if W < 1, selected against

Front 29

Truncated selection

Back 29

a method of artificial selection mating only individuals that are all above or below a certain value

Front 30

Proportional Truncation

Back 30

a method of artificial selection mating only individuals at the extreme end of the phenotypes (highest fitness)

Front 31

Discontinuous variation

Back 31

qualitative differences

Front 32

Continuous variation

Back 32

quantitative differences
phenotypic distribution looks like a bell shaped curve

Front 33

Complex traits

Back 33

genotypic effects due to alleles of a single gene and environmental effects

Front 34

Polygenic Traits

Back 34

few to many genes affect the same trait

Front 35

How do you calculate variance (s)

Back 35

the sum of (an individual value - the mean value)^2 all divided by N

Front 36

Broad Heritability

Back 36

the fraction of total variance that is due to genetic differences in population