Genetics Exam

Front 1

Asexual

Back 1

One parent makes genetically identical offspring

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Chromatin

Back 2

DNA + Proteins

Front 3

Interphase

Back 3

-G1

-S

-G2

During this phase, the entire chromosome is copied and the two identical copies are connected to the centromere

Front 4

M Phase

Back 4

Mitosis

Goes through Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telephase

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Sister Chromatids

Back 5

Two identical copies of a chromosome

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Contact Inhibition

Back 6

Stops dividing when comes into contact of another cell

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Anchorage Dependence

Back 7

Divide only when attached

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Benign Tumors

Back 8

Noncancerous; and does not affect the surrounding structures

Front 9

Malignant Tumors

Back 9

Cancerous; Invade surrounding structures and cause metastasis

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Metastasis

Back 10

Break away and start new cancers elsewhere

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Crossing-Over

Back 11

Recombines genes on sister chromosomes of homologous pairs

Front 12

Independent Assortment of Chromosomes

Back 12

Gametes have all the possible chromosome combinations

Front 13

Random Fertilization

Back 13

Every egg and sperm carry different chromosome combinations and its random which two meet

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Gene

Back 14

The basic unit of hereditary

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Allele

Back 15

Alternate forms of a gene

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Dominant Allele

Back 16

Will be seen if present

Front 17

Recessive Allele

Back 17

Will only be seen if the dominant is not present

Front 18

Phenotype

Back 18

Refers to an individual's physical appearance

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Genotype

Back 19

Refers to an individual's alleles

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Homozygous

Back 20

Same alleles

Front 21

Heterzygous

Back 21

Two different alleles

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Autosomal Recessive Disorders

Back 22

Recessive disorders that are passed on by parents who are unaffected

Front 23

Autosome Dominant Disorders

Back 23

Dominant disorders are passed on by a parent who has, or will develop the disorder

Front 24

Codominance

Back 24

When alleles are equally expressed in a heterozygote

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Incomplete Dominance

Back 25

Intermediate phenotype

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Pleiotrophy

Back 26

One gene influences many traits

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Epistasis

Back 27

An allele of one gene mask the expression of alleles at a different gene and the ratio deviates from expected ratio

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Expressivity

Back 28

Range of phenotypes expressed by 1 genotype under different environmental conditions

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Multifactorial

Back 29

Have a genetic component and environmental component

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Pedigree

Back 30

Chart showing the genetic connections among individuals

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Dosage compensation

Back 31

In females, only one X chromosome is active, other is condensed into Barr body

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Aneuploidy

Back 32

1 missing or extra chromosome

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Nondisjunction

Back 33

Failure of one pair of homologous chromosomes to seperate

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XXX

Back 34

Females with an extra chromosome; Meta female

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XYY

Back 35

Males with an extra Y chromosome; Jacobs Syndrome

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XXY

Back 36

Males with an extra X chromosome; Klinefelter syndrome

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XO

Back 37

Females with one chromosome; Turner syndrome

Front 38

Genomic Imprinting

Back 38

Expression of a gene in a given tissue or developmental stage is based on whether the gene was inherited from the male or female parent

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Polyploidy

Back 39

Presence of multiple sets of chromosomes

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Genome

Back 40

Complete set chromosomes

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Chromosomes

Back 41

Carriers of DNA

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DNA

Back 42

Genetic Material

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Gene

Back 43

Portion of DNA with instructions to make protein

Front 44

Allele

Back 44

Alternate versions of a gene that code for the same trait

Front 45

Nucleotides

Back 45

Sugar, Phosphate, and base

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Semiconservative Replication

Back 46

Each parental strand serves as a template for one new strand

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Transcription

Back 47

DNA used to make RNA

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Translation

Back 48

RNA used to make proteins

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Lagging Strand

Back 49

DNA Polymerase works away from replication fork

Separate RNA primer initiates each Okazaki fragment

- Fragments joined by DNA Ligase

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Nuclear Excision Repair

Back 50

Repairs thymine dimers caused by the sun's UV radiation and chemicals

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Telemeres

Back 51

Protect genes from eroding during duplication

Front 52

Transcription

Back 52

RNA synthesized from DNA strand

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Translation

Back 53

Polypeptide synthesized of using the mRNA template

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RNA

Back 54

Made up of nucleotides containing the sugar ribose and the base uracil in place of thymine

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Initiation

Back 55

RNA Polymerase binds to promotor region unwinding and opening strands

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Elongation

Back 56

RNA Polymerase moves 5' -> 3' adding complementary RNA nucleotides to new RNA transcript

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Termination

Back 57

RNA Polymerase stops and RNA & DNA released

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Modification

Back 58

Capping and editing, a cap and tail are added to ensure protection and recognition

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Mutations

Back 59

Permanent changes in genetic material

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Point Mutations

Back 60

Changes in just one base pair

Front 61

Frameshift

Back 61

Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene