Genetics Exam #2

Front 1

dominant alleles

Back 1

control phenotype

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recessive alleles

Back 2

have a say in the genotype, can show phenotype if they are a homologous pair

Front 3

homologous pairs

Back 3

2 alleles, little letters, exist for every trait except the XY chromosome. there, there's only one allele for each trait, so recessive alleles show up on their own

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codominance

Back 4

exists for bloodtypes, example IaIb, is Iab. If you have one type of blood that's all you show, but if you have two types you show both. ii equals O blood

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incomplete dominance

Back 5

in the case of red and white flowers, pink offspring are incomplete dominance because both meld into a new phenotype. genotype doesn't show pink

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autosomal dominance/recessivity

Back 6

autosomal genes occur on chromosomes other then XY, ex. blue colorblindness. Huntingdons disease is an autosomal dominant and appears in every generation. cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive and can skip generations

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blue color blindness

Back 7

affects men and women equally because its not on a sex chromosome, its autosomal, gene on chromosome 7 encodes shortwave ospin, dominant

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red/green color blindness

Back 8

affects men far more then women, sex linked recessive, if you have two X, one could outweigh the other carrier allele

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metaphase

Back 9

this is when homologous pairs line up

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gene location on chromosomes

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genes controlling the same traits should be found at the same location on different chromosomes

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test crosses

Back 11

a way to find the genotype, mix it with a ii in a Punnett square, to see if other partner is ex. IaIa or Iai.

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monohybrids

Back 12

organisms with one different traits

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dihybrids

Back 13

organisms with two different traits, ex. crossing partners who differ in chromosome type and blood type

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sex linked genes

Back 14

not related to gender development, they are the ones found on XY chromosomes

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P=

F1=

F2=

Back 15

parent generation, generation 1 and generation 2

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multifactorial inheritance

Back 16

trait that is determined by several or many genes but also by environmental factors, ex. fingerprints

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polygenic inheritance

Back 17

for complex traits that are determined by many genes at different loci on chromosomes. the expression of a polygenic trait in a population is continuous and when plotted show a bell curve

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Most common phenotype

Back 18

the wild type, kind that most often occurs naturally in the wild, as distinctive from atypical mutant type

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Mendels 1st law: law of segregation

Back 19

homologous chromosome pairs separate into different gametes during meiosis

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Mendels 2nd law- law of independent assortment

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genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently, the random alignment of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase of meiosis-I results in independent assortment of genes in gametes

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gametes

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mature sex cell ready to meet with the opposite to form a zygote

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physically linked genes vs genetically linked genes

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physically linked genes are on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together, however they might get separated during meiosis if they're not genetically linked too. genetically linked genes are also usually inherited together

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sex linked recessive disorders

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also called X linked disorders.examples are hemophilia and red/green color blindness

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pedigree trees

Back 24

examines inheritance of genes in a family, square for male, circle for female, shaded for affected, half shaded for carrier, horizontal is mating, vertical is offspring

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polygenic traits

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traits controlled by many genes, controlled by several or many genes which make the phenotype in a population show continuous variation, ex. hair color, blood type, eye color, height or weight

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single gene traits

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controlled by an "all-or-none" phenotype

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heterozygote

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has two different alleles of a gene

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true-breeding

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an organism must be homozygous for every trait for which it is considered true breeding; that is, the pairs of alleles that express a given trait are the same. In a purebred strain or breed, the goal is that the organism will "breed true" for the breed-relevant traits.

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genes affect on the body

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control the heart and blood vessels, transport lipids, blood clotting, blood pressure

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lipids and genes

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lipids can circulate only when bound to proteins to form large molecules called lipoproteins, dozens of genes control lipid levels in blood and tissues. Lipoprotein lipase and enzyme is activated by HDLs to break down LDLs

Front 31

Mendels Theory

Back 31

inheritable units called genes account for phenotypes, one allele from each parent for the same trait, dominant allele controls the phenotype, two alleles for the same trait separate and assort independently during gamete formation