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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 characteristics of Genetic material |
1 replication 2 storage of info 3 expression of info 4 variation |
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1994 Avery, MacLeod, McCarty |
"transforming principal in bac is DNA" when heat killed virulent strain mixed w living avirulent IIR strain, DNA from dead strain transforms living strain to virulent IIIS |
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Transformation |
taking up of naked DNA from the environment by bac. the cause is DNA aka transforming principal |
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Protease Ribonuclease Dexyribonuclease |
protein digesting enzyme- yes activity RNA digesting enzyme- yes activity DNA digesting enzyme- no activity |
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1952 Hershey and Chase |
DNA and protein labeling of T2 bacteriophage virus that affects bac consists of protein coat surrounding DNA core Labeled DNA 32P, labeled protein 35S phage put with bacphage- ghost phage shaken off in blender- cell lyses and new phages contain 32P |
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Transfection |
infection from only viral nucleic acid- shows all instructions for new phage is in DNA |
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Protoplast |
only cell membrane as outer membrane- has been enzymatically treated |
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Direct evidence of DNA as gen material |
Recomb DNA tech ex- gene from eukaryote to prokaryote to express insulin transgenic animal- animals that express inserted genes, and pass to offspring |
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Indirect evidence of DNA as gen material |
distribution- DNA found where gen fxn known to occur mutagenesis- molecules absorb UV in 260 nm action spectrum- measure of light applied absorption spectrum- measure of light absorbed |
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Rosalind Franklin |
X-Ray diffraction analysis- X-Ray bombardment scatters molecules- picture taken of DNA under aqueous low- sodium conditions |
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1952 Watson and Crick |
Proposed DNA structure is double helix |
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1949-1962 Erwin Chargraff |
used chromotagraphic methods to separate 4 bases |
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Adenine |
9 member double ring purine |
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Guanine |
9 member double ring purine |
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Cytosine |
6 member single ring pyridimine |
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Thymine |
6 member single ring pyridimine ONLY in DNA |
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Uracil |
6 member single ring pyridimine ONLY in RNA |
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H bonds A=T C=G |
A=T 2 H bonds C=G 3 H bonds |
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Pentose Sugar |
Ribose- Ribonucleic Acid Deoxyribose- Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (absence of OH at C2') |
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Phosphate Group |
Nucleotide- sugar, phosphate group, base Nucleoside- sugar, base NMP Nucleoside mono P NDP Nucleoside di P NTP Nucleoside tri P -ATP- adenosine tri P -GTP- guanosine tri P |
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Phosphodiester bond |
covalent bonds between nucleotides links P and sugar to create sugar P backbone of DNA -chain into oligonucleotides and polynucleotides |
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Complimentary bases |
weak, H bonds, electrostatic force lay flat stacked perpendicular to axix 3.4 nm apart 10 bases/ turn |
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ADNA ZDNA |
slightly tilted bases- more bases/ turn, no major or minor grooves ZDNA- left handed, not sure if exists in life |
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rRNA tRNA mRNA snRNA miRNA/ siRNA Telomerase RNA |
ribosomal- formation of ribosome for TLN messenger- strand created from DNA in TXN transfer- attaches amino acids to transform mRNA in TLN small nuclear- helps process rRNA short interfering - helps gene regulation telomerase- replication of ends of chromosomes |
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Hyperchromic Shift Melting Temp (Tm) Probes |
viscosity of DNA decrease as UV absorption increases midpoint in curve in which 50% of strands unwound used to identify molecular bases |
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in situ molecular hybridization fluorescent in situ hybridization reassociation kinetics |
uses DNA present in chromosome preparations as "target" for hybrid hybridization with fluorescent dyes to identify chromo locations for specific info the rate of which complementary DNA strands come back to ether, faster in repetitive DNA sequences |
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Parental non crossover gametes recomb crossover gametes |
alleles on one homolog or the other segregate into each gamete completely without crossing over during tetrad stage the alleles between each homolog exchange between two non sister chromatids *recomb gametes do not exceed 50% *ideal ratio for recomb gametes is 1:1:1:1 |
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Linkage Ratio Linkage Groups |
complete linkage between two genes (close proximity) and heterozygous at both loci *ideal ratio for recomb gametes 1:2:1 the grouped genes on the same chromosome, one group for each chromosome; corresponds with haploid # |
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Morgan |
drosphila research in crossing over 1) what is source of gen info 2) why did frequency of different genes crossing over vary |
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chiasmata |
synapsed homologous chromosomes in meiosis wrap around each other where points overlap -leads to recomb gametes -variable amount of crossing over happens |
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Sturtevant Chromo Theory of Inheritance |
first to propose chromo mapping based on recombinant frequency genes are in linear order and equivalent to unit factors |
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SCO |
the closer the two loci, less likely SCO occurs - % of tetrads involved in exchange= twice the % of recomb gametes being produced - observed recomb limit of 50% |
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DCO |
Double exchange of gen material between chromosomes - 3 genes involved - two simultaneously, separate, independent exchanges - large offspring numbers required for detection |
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Product Law |
probability of two exchanges occurring ex) A->B is 20 % B->C is 30% so, A->B and B->C is 6% (2x3) |
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Reciprocal Cross |
one chromo shows mutant gene, second chromo shows other two mutant genes |
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Interference (I)
Coefficient of Coincidence (C) |
crossover event in one region inhibits crossover in another region *decreases with distance I= 1-C quantifies and calculates Interference C= Observed DCO/ Expected DCO |
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SCE- Sister Chromatid Exchanges |
exchanges during mitosis- do not result in allelic combo but still have significance. agents that damage chromo (UV, virus, etc.) increase SCE's SCE's elevated in Bloom Syndrome, BLM gene coding for DNA helicase is mutated BrdU- label SCE's Harlequin Chromo- labeled SCE w patch- like appearance |
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Prototroph Auxotroph minimal medium |
bac that can synthesize all necessary compounds and can grow on minimal med bac that cannot create all compounds media consisting of only organic carbon source and ions |
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Vertical gene transfer Horizontal gene transfer |
transfer of gen info between same species transfer of gen info between different species (but related members) |
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Davis U- Tube |
separates bac in U Tube through membrane, no conjugation because bac need physical contact for conjugation |
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Interrupted Mating Technique |
a time- dependent transfer and recomb of certain genes in Hfr strains Order of liner transfer of genes: 1 time of conjugation 2 Point of Origin (O) 3 Direction hat proceeds from O *F Factor is last, usually doesn't have time to finish |
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F' Merozygotes |
F factor loses it's integrated status- converts to F+ partially diploid because duplicated chromo genes transferred along with F factor into recipient |
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Transformation Heteroduplex |
small pieces of extracellular naked DNA taken up by bac, genes that are close enough to be cotransformed are Linked *bac must be Competent- special receptor sites on surface and special transport the recombinant region that contains one host strand and one mutant strand |
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Phage T4 |
group of bacteriophages belong to T-even 1 icosahedral head- polyhedron protein coat with 20 faces 2 sheath and collar- forms central core 3 tail fibers- binding sites for bac surface and injection |
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Plaque Assay Plaque |
experiment that involves mutational and recomb study in bacteriophage. dilution performed, bacphage culture melted w agar and plated. spots of viral, non- growth are counted viral non- growth spots of a single virus infected one bac in culture lawn Initial Phage Density= Plaque #/ mL x DF |
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Lysogeny Prophage Temperate phage Episome |
when viral DNA integrated into bac chromo and no rep- no new virus the viral DNA integrated into bac chromo virus that lyases cell or behave as prophage virus that only lyses cell viral DNA that can rep in cytosol or integrate into DNA |
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Lederberg- Zinder Experiment |
separated bac in U tube with glass filter,too small for bac to pass but with phages, recomb happened |
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Generalized transduction |
random nature of DNA and genes transducer Abortive transduction- only a single cell partial diploid is produced Complete transduction- bac DNA fully recombines with homologous region of chromo |
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Specialized Transduction Cotransduction |
transduction of bac DNA, not random but strain specific two genes closely align and linked on chromo are transducer at the same time. the closer the genes, higher the frequency |
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Mixed Infection Experiment |
two distinct mutant strains allowed to simultaneously infect the same bac culture, leading to intergenic recombination Remcomb Frequency= H+r+ plus Hr/ Total Plaques x 100 |
