Genetics Exam 2

Front 1

chromosomes that characterize one sex or the other in a wide range of species, resulting and there label as sex chromosomes. example XY pair in mammals.

Back 1

heteromorphic chromosomes

Hint 1

7

Front 2

In many species, genes rather than chromosomes ultimately serve as the underlying basis for....

Back 2

Sex determination

Hint 2

7

Front 3

Differences between males and females

Back 3

Sexual Dimorphism

Hint 3

7.1

Front 4

Involves only the gonads, where gametes are produced

Back 4

Primary sexual differentiation

Hint 4

Chapter 7. 1

Front 5

Involves the overall appearance of the organism, including clear differences and such organs as in mammary glands and external genitalia as well as non reproductive organs.

Back 5

Secondary sexual differentiation

Hint 5

7.1

Front 6

Individual containing only one male or only female reproductive organs.

Back 6

Unisexual, dioecious, gonochoric

Hint 6

7.1

Front 7

Individuals containing both male and female reproductive organs, a common currents in both plant and animal kingdoms. these organisms produce both eggs and sperm.

Back 7

Bisexual, Monocious, hermaphroditic

Hint 7

7.1

Front 8

individual of an intermediate sexual condition, most of whom are sterile

Back 8

Intersex

Hint 8

7.1

Front 9

To give me to fuse during mating are not usually morphologically distinguishable from one another

Back 9

ISO gametes

Hint 9

7.1

Front 10

Species that produced ISO gametes

Back 10

Isogamous

Hint 10

7.1

Front 11

Following fertilization, which involves fusion of entire cells , and subsequently, meiosis, produces...

Back 11

Four haploid cells called zoospores

Hint 11

7.1

Front 12

life cycle of chlamydomonas

Back 12

Hint 12

7.1

Front 13

life cycle of maize (Zea mays)

Back 13

Hint 13

7.1

Front 14

Females in this species produce only (6A + X) constitution, but males produce 2 types of gametes in equal proportions, 6A +X and 6A +Y

Back 14

C elegans

Hint 14

7.2

Front 15

in protenor and lygaeus insects, Mills produced unlike gametes. There gamis ultimately determine the sex of the progeny of the species.

Back 15

Heterogametic sex

Hint 15

7.2

Front 16

Producing uniform gametes with regard to chromosome numbers and types.

Back 16

homogametic sex

Hint 16

7.2

Front 17

ZZ / ZW

Back 17

zz = male zw= females

Hint 17

7.2

Front 18

Klinefelter's syndrome

Back 18

47, XXY

Hint 18

7.3

Front 19

Turner syndrome

Back 19

45, X

Hint 19

7.3

Front 20

Are similar phenotypically to 47, XXY, but manifestations are often more severe in individuals with a greater number of X chromosomes.

Back 20

48, xxxy, 48, XXYY, 49 xxxxy, 49 xxx YY

Hint 20

7.3

Front 21

That I'm normal presence of three X chromosomes along with a normal set of autosomes (47, xxx) results and female differentiation.

Back 21

triplo-x

Hint 21

7.3

Front 22

Studied in 1965 by Patricia Jacobs , studied 9 315 males in a Scottish maximum security prison with this karyotype. they were characterized by tall height antisocial criminal acts.

Back 22

47, XYY

Hint 22

4.3

Front 23

By the fifth week of gestation, gonadal primordia ( the tissue that will form the gonad ) rises a pair called........... Associated with each embryonic kidney

Back 23

Gonadal (genital) ridges

Hint 23

7.3

Front 24

Because gonadal ridges can form either ovaries or testes, as they are commonly referred to as...

Back 24

Bipotential gonads

Hint 24

7.3

Front 25

Current analysis of these genes and regions with potential genetic function reveals that some have homologous counterparts on the X chromosome and others do not. for example, present on both ends of the Y chromosome are so called........................ That share homology with regions on the X chromosome and synapse and recombine with it during meiosis

Back 25

pseudoautosomal regions (PARs)

Hint 25

7.3

Front 26

The remainder of the chromosome, about 95 percent of it, does not synapse or re- combine with the X chromosome. originally called and nonrecombining region of the Y.

Back 26

Male specific region of the Y

Hint 26

7.3

Front 27

Within euchromatin, adjacent to the PA R of the short arm of the Y chromosome, is a critical gene that controls male sexual development,

Back 27

Sex determining region y

Hint 27

7.3

Front 28

At 6 to 8 weeks of development, the sex determining region y gene becomes active and XY embryos. sry encodes a protein that causes the undifferentiated gonadal tissue of the embryo to form testes. this protein is called...

Back 28

Testis determining factor

Hint 28

7.3

Front 29

Animals produced from fertilized eggs injected with foreign DNA that is subsequently incorporated into genetic composition of the developing embryo.

Back 29

Transgenic mice

Hint 29

7.3

Front 30

TDF functions as a..., a DNA binding protein and interact directly with regulatory sequences of other genes to stimulate their expression.

Back 30

Transcription factor

Hint 30

7.3

Front 31

Another potential target for activation by TDF that has been extensively studied is the gene for.....

Back 31

Mullerian inhibiting substance

Hint 31

7.3

Front 32

Sequences of base pairs that Read the same but in the opposite direction of complementary strands --- are present throughout the MSY

Back 32

Palindromes

Hint 32

7.3

Front 33

Eat repeat unit is an.... And is contained within seven segments scattered across the euchromatic regions of both the short and long arms of the Y chromosome

Back 33

Amplicon

Hint 33

7.3

Front 34

Primary sex ratio

Back 34

Reflects the proportion of males to females conceived in a population.

Hint 34

7.4

Front 35

Secondary sex ratio

Back 35

Reflects the proportion of each sex that is born. the secondary a sex ratio is much easier to determine but has the disadvantage of not accounting for any disproportionate embryotic or fetal mortality.

Hint 35

7.4

Front 36

1. Because of segregation, males produce equal numbers of X & Y bearing sperm.

2. Each type of sperm has equivalent viability and motility in the female reproductive tract.

3. The egg surface is equally receptive to both X and Y bearing sperm

Back 36

Assumptions of theoretical ratio

Hint 36

7.4

Front 37

Balances the dose of X chromosome gene expression in males and females.

Back 37

dosage compensation

Hint 37

7.5

Front 38

An inactivated X chromosome

Back 38

Barr body or sex chromatin body. For suggested by susumu ohno. If one of the two X chromosomes is an active in the cells of females, the dosage of genetic information that can be expressed in males and females will be equivalent.

Hint 38

7.5

Front 39

Lyon hypothesis

Back 39

Once an activation has occurred, all descendants cells have the same X chromosome and activated as their initial progenitor cell. this explanation , which has come to be called the ------ - -----, was initially based on observations of female mice heterozygous for an x-linked coat color gene

Hint 39

7.5

Front 40

A culture of cells derived from a single cell is called a....

Back 40

Clone

Hint 40

7.5

Front 41

An excellent source of some disorder. and humans, hemizygous males are fully color blind and all retinal cells. however, heterozygous females display mosaic retinas, with patches of defective color perception and surrounding areas with normal color perception.

Back 41

Red - green color blindness

Hint 41

7.5

Front 42

A process where expression of genes on one Homolog, but not on the other, is affected.

Back 42

Imprinting

Hint 42

7.5

Front 43

This region, located at the proximal end of the P arm humans... a region of mammalian X chromasome is the major control

Back 43

X inactivation center

Hint 43

7.5

Front 44

Is now know to be critical for x inactivation

Back 44

X inactivated specific transcript

Hint 44

7.5

Front 45

Gene aren't officially introduced into an organism

Back 45

Transgene

Hint 45

7.5

Front 46

I'm the same general sex chromosome consumption as humans... males are XY and females are xx. However, the Y chromosome is not use for sex determination, it is only involved in fertilization. X chromosomes and autosomes together play a critical role in sex determination.

Back 46

Drosophila

Hint 46

7.6

Front 47

as a ratio exceeds unity, was once called is superfemale is produced. Because such females are most often enviable they are now more appropriately called...

Back 47

Metafemales

Hint 47

7.6

Front 48

They were invariably sterile an express both male and female morphology

Back 48

Intersexes

Hint 48

7.6

Front 49

thus, with respect to primary sex determination, male gametes containing 1 of each autosome plus a y chromosome result in male offspring not because of the presence of the y chromosome but because they fail to contribute to X chromosomes.

Back 49

Genetic balance theory

Hint 49

7.6

Front 50

Portions of the RNA are removed and the remaining fragments are spliced back together prior to translation into a protein

Back 50

RNA splicing

Hint 50

7.6

Front 51

RNA transcript maybe spliced in different ways

Back 51

Alternative splicing

Hint 51

7.6

Front 52

Since drosophila females contain two copies of X linked genes, whereas males contain only one copy, a dosage problem exists as it does in mammals such as humans and mice. however, the mechanism of dosage compensation in Drosophila differs considerably from that and mammals, since X chromosome inactivation is not observed. instead x-linked genes are transcribed at twice the level of the comparable genes in females.

Back 52

Dosage compensation in Drosophila

Hint 52

7.6

Front 53

This cluster of gene activating proteins. (Drosophila )

Back 53

Dosage compensation complex

Hint 53

7.6

Front 54

One half of its body the left half has developed as male and the other half has developed is female

Back 54

Bilateral gynandromorph

Hint 54

7.6

Front 55

Sex is determined genetically

Back 55

Genotypic sex determination

Hint 55

7.7

Front 56

Temperature determines the sex of an organism. prevalent in reptiles

Back 56

Temperature dependent sex determination

Hint 56

7.7

Front 57

An enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens

Back 57

Aromatase

Hint 57

7.7

Front 58

ZZ and ZW are found in some snakes and lizards other lizards use the xx/xy system.

Back 58

Sex determination in reptiles

Hint 58

7.7

Front 59

An organism gains or loses one or more chromosomes but not a complete set.

Back 59

Aneuploidy

Hint 59

8.1

Front 60

The loss of a single chromosome in an otherwise diploid genome... 2n-1

Back 60

monosomy

Hint 60

8.1

Front 61

The game of one chromosome. also termed euploidy. 2n + 1

Back 61

Trisomy

Hint 61

8.1

Front 62

More than two sets of chromosomes presents

Back 62

Polyploidy

Hint 62

8.1

Front 63

Organisms with three sets of chromosomes

Back 63

Triploid

Hint 63

8.1

Front 64

Organisms with four sets of chromosomes

Back 64

Tetraploid

Hint 64

8.1

Front 65

Paired homologs fail to disjoin during segregation

Back 65

Nondisjunction

Hint 65

8.1

Front 66

Monosomy unmasks recessive lethals that are otherwise tolerated and heterozygotes carrying the corresponding wild-type alleles. another possible cause of lethality of aneuploidy is that a single copy of a recessive gene may be insufficient to provide adequate function for sustaining the organism which is called...

Back 66

Haploinsufficiency

Hint 66

8.2

Front 67

the condition that results from trisomy of chromosome 21. Occurs through nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis failure of the paired homologs two disjoint during either anaphase 1 or 2 may lead to gametes with (n + 1) chromosome composition.

Back 67

Down syndrome or trisomy 21

Hint 67

8.2

Front 68

investigations have given rise to the idea that a critical region of chromosome 21 contains the genes that are dosage sensitive and this trisomy and responsible for the many phenotypes associated with the syndrome Down syndrome.

Back 68

Down syndrome critical region

Hint 68

8.2

Front 69

Fuel cells are obtained from the amniotic fluid or the chorion of the placenta, respectively.

Back 69

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling

Front 70

Fetal cells and DNA are derived directly from the maternal circulation.

Back 70

Non-invasive prenatal genetic diagnosis

Hint 70

8.2

Front 71

Down syndrome occasionally ransom families, in this instance, involvement of a translocation of chromosome 21.

Back 71

Familial Down syndrome

Hint 71

8.2

Front 72

Trisomy in humans:

47, +13

47, +18

47, +21

Back 72

Patau

Edwards

Down syndrome

Hint 72

8.2

Front 73

The addition of one or more extra sets of chromosomes, identical to the normal haploid compliments of the same species

Back 73

Auto polyploidy

Hint 73

8.3

Front 74

The combination of chromosomes sets from different species occurring as a consequence of hybridization

Back 74

Allo polyploidy

Hint 74

8.3

Front 75

a failure of all chromosomes to segregate during meiotic divisions can produce a diploid gamete

Back 75

Auto triploids

Hint 75

8.3

Front 76

Unlike triploids, which often produced genetically unbalanced gametes with all the numbers of chromosomes, tetraploid are more likely to produce balanced gametes when involved and sexual reproduction.

Back 76

Auto tetraploid

Hint 76

8.3

Front 77

Since the polyploid contains the equivalent 4 haploid genome derived from separate species, such an organism is called a allotetraploid. When both original species are known, an equivalent term,

Back 77

Amphidiploid

Hint 77

8.3

Front 78

The condition in which only certain cells in an otherwise diploid organism are polyploid.

Back 78

Endo polyploidy

Front 79

Part of a chromosome in rearrangements of genetic material in which a chromosome segment is inverted, exchanged with a segment of nonhomologous chromosome, or merely transferred to another chromosome.

Back 79

Translocations

Hint 79

8.4

Front 80

When a chromosome breaks in one or more places in a portion of it is lost the missing pieces called...

Back 80

Deletion

Hint 80

8.5

Front 81

A deletion that occurs near one end of the chromosome

Back 81

Terminal deletion

Hint 81

8.5

Front 82

A deletion that occurs within the interior of the chromosome.

Back 82

Intercalary deletion

Hint 82

8.5

Front 83

for synapses to occur between a chromosome with a large intercalary deletion and a normal homolog, the unpaired region of the normal homolog must buckle out into a...

Back 83

Deletion or compensation loop

Hint 83

8.5

Front 84

Deletion of a small terminal portion of chromosome 5, resultin... it may be considered a case of partial monosomy, that since the region that is missing is so small, it is better referred to as A...

Back 84

Cri du. Chat syndrome

Hint 84

8.5

Front 85

Deletion of a small terminal portion of chromosome 5, resultin... it may be considered a case of partial monosomy, that since the region that is missing is so small, it is better referred to as A...

Back 85

Segmental deletion

Hint 85

8.5

Front 86

When any part of the genetic material - - - a single locus or a large piece of a chromosome --- is present more than once in the genome, its called a...

Back 86

Duplication

Hint 86

8.6

Front 87

The genes that code for rRNA are located in an area known as the

Back 87

nucleolar organizer region

Hint 87

8.6

Front 88

The presence of several genes in an organism's genome that all have variations of the same function. example, multiple copies of genes code for rRNA

Back 88

Gene redundancy

Hint 88

8.6

Front 89

The process by which gene sequences are selected and differentially replicated either extrachromosomal or intrachromosomal

Back 89

Gene amplification

Hint 89

8.6

Front 90

Group of contiguous genes whose products perform the same or similar functions

Back 90

Gene families

Hint 90

8.6

Front 91

When individuals in the same species are compared, the number of copies of any given duplicated sequence is found to vary --- sometimes there are larger and sometimes smaller numbers of copies. these variations, because they represent quantitative differences and the number of large DNA sequences, are termed....

Back 91

Copy number variants

Hint 91

8.6

Front 92

A type of chromosomal aberration in which a segment of a chromosome is turned around 180 degrees within a chromosome.

Back 92

Inversion

Hint 92

8.7

Front 93

If the centromere is not part of the rearranged chromosome segment it is...

Back 93

paracentric inversion

Hint 93

8.7

Front 94

If the centromere is part of the inverted segment, it is a...

Back 94

Pericentric inversion

Hint 94

8.7

Front 95

Organisms with one inverted chromosome and one noninverted homolog is a .... To such chromosomes in meiosis can be paired only if they form an inversion loop

Back 95

Inversion heterozygote

Hint 95

8.7

Front 96

In any meiotic tetrad, a single crossing over between non sister chromatids produces to parental chromatids and to recombinant chromatids. when the cross over occurs within a para centric inversion, however, 1 recombinant dicentric chromatids (2 centromeres) and one recombinant acentric chromatid (lacking a centromere) are produced

Back 96

Meiotic tetrad

Hint 96

8.7

Front 97

The movement of a chromosomal segment to a new location in the genome.

Back 97

Translocation

Hint 97

8.8

Front 98

The exchange of segments between two non homologous chromosomes

Back 98

Reciprocal translocation

Hint 98

8.8

Front 99

well most fragile sites do not appear to be associated with any clinical syndrome , individuals bearing a folate - sensitive site on the X chromosome exhibits the..... The most common form of inherited mental retardation

Back 99

Fragile X syndrome

Hint 99

8.9

Front 100

Characteristic of other human disorders, including Huntington's disease in myotonic dystrophy. The number increases and future generations, demonstrating the phenomenon known as genetic anticipation

Back 100

Trinucleotide repeats

Hint 100

8.9

Front 101

DNA contained in mitochondria or chloroplasts determines certain phenotypic characteristics of the offspring

Back 101

Organelle heredity

Hint 101

9

Front 102

A Symbiotic or parasitic association with a microorganism; in this case an inherited phenotype is affected by the presence of the microorganism in the cytoplasm of the host cells.

Back 102

Infectious heredity

Hint 102

9

Front 103

Nuclear gene products are stored in the egg and then transmitted through ooplasm to the offspring

Back 103

maternal effect

Hint 103

9

Front 104

The transmission of genetic information to the offspring through the cytoplasm then through the nucleus, most often from only one of the parents.

Back 104

Extranuclear inheritance

Hint 104

9

Front 105

If only 1 or a few of the organelles acquire a new mutation where contain an existing one in a cell with a population of mostly normal organelles, the corresponding mutant phenotype may not be revealed, since the organelles lacking the mutation perform the wild-type function for the cell. this such variation in the genetic content of organelles is called...

Back 105

Heteroplasmy

Hint 105

9.1

Front 106

A small proportion of these mutants are the result of nuclear mutations in genes whose products are transported 2 and function in mitochondria. They exhibit Mendelian inheritance. The remaining mutants demonstrate cytoplasmic transmission, indicating alterations in the DNA of the mitochondria. They produced one of two effects in mating.

Back 106

Segregational petites

Hint 106

9.1

Front 107

When crossed to wild-type, or normal, or colonies. the same pattern continues if the progeny of such crosses I'm back crossed to neutral petites Ferien the majority of neutral lack mtDNA completely or have lost a substantial portion of it, so for their offspring to be normal, the neutrals must also be inheriting mitochondria capable of Arabic respiration from the normal parents following reproduction.

Back 107

neutral petites

Hint 107

9.1

Front 108

Provides different results. cross between mutant and wild type give to diploid zygotes , which after meiosis, Yield haploid cells that all express the petite phenotype.

Assuming that the offspring have received mitochondria from both parents, the Petit cells behave as what is called a dominant negative mutation, which somehow expresses the function of the wild-type mitochondria.

Back 108

Suppressive petites

Hint 108

9.1

Front 109

The theory states that mitochondria and chloroplasts of rose independently about 2 billion years ago from free living Protobacteria (primitive bacteria). The idea proposes that these ancient bacteria like cells were engulfed by larger primitive eukaryotic cells, which originally lack the ability to respire Aerobically or to capture energy from sunlight.

Back 109

Endosymbiotic theory

Hint 109

9.1

Front 110

In order for the human mitochondria to be attributable to genetically altered mitochondria, several criteria must be met:

1. Inheritance must exhibit in maternal rather than a medalian pattern.

2. The disorder must reflect a deficiency and the bioenergetic function of the organelle.

3. there must be a mutation in one or more of the mitochondrial genes

Back 110

Mitochondria caused human disorders

Hint 110

9.3

Front 111

is an example of a mitochondrial disease . only the offspring of affected mothers inherited disorder; the offspring of affected fathers are normal. individuals with this rare disease express ataxia, deafness , dementia, and epileptic seizures.

Back 111

Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease

Hint 111

9.3

Front 112

Also exhibits maternal inheritance as well as mtDNA regions. The disease is characterized by sudden bilateral blindness the average age of vision loss is 27 call mom but onset is quite variable.

Back 112

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy

Hint 112

9.3

Front 113

And the offspring phenotype for a particular trait is under the control of nuclear gene products present in the egg

Back 113

maternal effect

Hint 113

9.4

Front 114

Each replicated DNA molecule would consist of 1 old and one new strand

Back 114

Semi conservative replication

Hint 114

11.1

Front 115

Complimentary poly nucleotide chains are synthesized as described earlier. Following synthesis, however, the two newly created

strands then come together in the parental strand associates. original helix is conserved.

Back 115

conservative replication

Hint 115

11.1

Front 116

The parental strands are dispersed into two new double helix following replication. Hence, each strand consists of both old and new DNA . this mode would involve cleavage of the parental strands during replication.

Back 116

Dispersive replication

Hint 116

11.1

Front 117

They grew E coli cells for many generations in a medium that had 15 NH 4 Cl, ammonium chloride, as the only nitrogen source. a heavy isotope of nitrogen 15 n contains one more neutrons than the naturally occurring 14 N. After many generations in this medium almost all nitrogen containing molecules in the e.coli cells, including the nitrogenous bases of dna , contain the heavier isotope. They distinguished 15 N cells from 14 N cells by using sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. Cells were then transferred to a medium containing 14 N. Only synthesis of DNA during replication contained only the lighter isotope of nitrogen. Cell samples were removed after each replication cycle. DNA was isolated from each sample and subjected to sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. After one generation, isolated DNA was present in only a single band intermediate density - us - they expected result for semi conservative replication and which each replicated Molly kill was composed of one new 14 N strand and 15 N old strand.8

Back 117

Meselson and Stahl experiment

Hint 117

11.1

Front 118

They experimented with root tips of the broad bean Vicia faba which are an excellent source of dividing cells.

Back 118

Meselson and Stahl semi conservative replication in eukaryotes

Front 119

A common technique that, when applied cytologically, pinpoints the location of a radioisotope in a Cell.

Back 119

autoradiography

Hint 119

11.1

Front 120

The location or locations where replication begins

Prokaryotes have one origin of replication and eukaryotes have multiple , which are both bidirectional.

Back 120

Origin of replication

Hint 120

11.1

Front 121

First, and each point along the chromosome where replication is occurring, the strands of the helix are unwound, creating what is called a...

Back 121

Replication fork

Hint 121

11.1

Front 122

The length of DNA that is replicated falling 1 initiation event at a single origin.

Back 122

Replicon

Hint 122

11.1

Front 123

Kornberg determine that there were two major requirements for in vitro DNA synthesis under the direction of dna polymerase I: 1. All 4 deoxyribosenucleoside triphosphate and 2 template DNA

polymerase I:

1. All 4 deoxyribosenucleoside triphosphate and 2 template DNA

Back 123

DNA polymerase 1 in vitro

Hint 123

11.2

Front 124

Occurs in the 5 to 3 Prime direction find the addition of one nucleotide at a time to the growing three prime end.

Back 124

Chain elongation

Hint 124

11.2

Front 125

At least one enzyme other than DNA polymerase one is responsible for the replication of DNA in vivo.

DNA polymerase 1 serves as a secondary function in vivo, as is now believed to be critical to the maintenance of fidelity of DNA synthesis.

Back 125

DNA polymerase 1

Hint 125

11.2

Front 126

Is the enzyme responsible for the five prime to 3 prime polymerazation and in vivo replication. Its 3 prime to 5 prime exonuclease activity also provides a proofreading function that is activated when it inserts an incorrect nucleotide.

Back 126

DNA polymerase 3

Hint 126

11.2

Front 127

The active form of DNA polymerase 3, referred to as the....., is made up of unique polypeptide subunits, 10 of which have been identified.

Back 127

Holo enzyme

Hint 127

11.2

Front 128

A= 5' to 3' polymerazation

E= 3' to 5' exonuclease

O= core assembly

Back 128

core enzyme

Hint 128

11.2

Front 129

Pairs with the court enzymes and facilitates the function of a critical component of the holoenzyme, called the sliding DNA clamp.

Back 129

Sliding clamp loader

Hint 129

11.2

Front 130

Links to the core enzyme and is made up of multiple copies of the B sub unit, taking on the shape of a donut, where by it can open and shut, to encircle un replicated DNA helix.

Back 130

Sliding DNA clamp

Hint 130

11.2

Front 131

Binds to the newly formed applications fork, separating the two DNA strands.

Back 131

Helicase

Hint 131

11.3

Front 132

Once the helicase has opened up the helix, base pairing must be inhibited until it can serve as a template for synthesis. this is accomplished by proteins have been specifically to single strands of DNA called...

Back 132

Single-stranded binding proteins

Hint 132

11.2

Front 133

A tension is created ahead of the replication fork called supercoiling. an enzyme called ... Relieve the tension. Part of a large group of enzymes referred to as DNA topoisomerases

Back 133

DNA gyrase

Hint 133

11.3

Front 134

Synthesis of the RNA is directed by a form of RNA polymerase called. .... Which is recruited to the replication fork by DNA helicase, and which does not require a free 3 prime end to initiate synthesis

Back 134

Primase

Hint 134

11.3

Front 135

The strands that can serve as a template for continuous DNA synthesis

Back 135

Leading strand

Hint 135

11.3

Front 136

Discontinuous DNA synthesis.... requires Okazaki fragments,

Back 136

Lagging strand

Hint 136

11.3

Front 137

As we noted, DNA polymerase one removes the primers and replaces the missing nucleotides. Joining the fragments is the work of another enzyme, which is capable of catalyzing the formation of the phosphodiester bond that seals the neck between the discontinuous synthesized strands.

Back 137

DNA ligase

Hint 137

11.3

Front 138

Mutations that are expressed under one condition but not under another. Example is temperature sensitive mutation

Back 138

Conditional mutations

Hint 138

11.5

Front 139

Synthesize RNA primers on both the leading and lagging strands. After the RNA primer reaches a length of about 10 ribonucleotides, another subunit adds 10 to 20 complimentary deoxyribonucleotides.

Back 139

Pol a enzyme

Hint 139

11.6

Front 140

the assembly of new nucleosomes is carried out by...... That move along with the replication fork

Back 140

Chromatin assembly factors

Hint 140

11.6

Front 141

synthesis of dna using RNA as a template. Tert is a catalytic subunit of the telomerase enzyme.

Back 141

Reverse transcription

Hint 141

11.7

Front 142

Holiday structure

Back 142

Front 143

Non-reciprocal genetic exchange between 2 DNA molecules.

Back 143

Gene conversion

Hint 143

11.8