Genetics Exam 1 (4)

Front 1

In a ___(dihybrid/monohybrid) cross, the parents differ in a single characteristic, such as seed shape

Back 1

Monohybrid

Front 2

___ (Homozygous/Heterozygous) refers two a genotype consisting of two identical alleles at a locus

Back 2

Homozygous

Front 3

___ (Homozygous/Heterozygous) refers two a genotype consisting of two different alleles at a locus

Back 3

Heterozygous

Front 4

True breeding refers to a ___ (homozygous/heterozygous) genotype

Back 4

Homozygous

Front 5

With a monohybrid cross, although F1 plants display the phenotype of one parent, both traits are passed to F2 progeny in what ratio?

Back 5

3:1

Front 6

Alleles are the ___ (same/different) size in homozygotes, run to the ___ (same/different) place on the gel, and are ___ (thicker/thinner) than bands of heterozygotes

Back 6

Same size, Same place on the gel, thicker

Front 7

The law of ___ (independent assortment/segregation) says that the alleles segregate from each other in the formation of gametes

Back 7

Law of segregation

Front 8

The reappearance of the wrinkled trait in F2 demonstrates the law of ___ (segregation/independent assortment)

Back 8

Segregation

Front 9

What type of genetic cross is performed using a recessive parent and a mystery parent in order to determine the mystery parental genotype?

Back 9

Testcross

Front 10

___ (Reciprocal/test) cross analysis allows geneticists to determine whether observed dominant phenotype is associated with a homozygous "WW" or a heterozygous "Ww"

Back 10

Testcross

Front 11

In a ___(dihybrid/monohybrid) cross, the parents differ in two characteristics, such as seed color and seed shape

Back 11

Dihybrid

Front 12

The law of ___ (independent assortment/segregation) says that genes on different chromosomes behave independently in the production of gametes

Back 12

Independent assortment

Front 13

New phenotypes in the F2 that were not seen in the parental or FI generations demonstrates the law of ___ (segregation/independent assortment)

Back 13

Independent assortment

Front 14

What type of cross is a cross between the F1 offspring and either of the parents?

Back 14

Backcross

Front 15

Probability is the number of times an event ___ (occurs/is possible) divided by the total number of ___ (occurrences/possible) events

Back 15

Number of times an event occurs divided by the total number of possible events

Front 16

The difference between observed and predicted probabilities is due to what type of error?

Back 16

Random sampling error

Front 17

Random sampling error is ___ (small/large) for small samples and ___ (small/large) for large samples

Back 17

Large for small samples and small for large samples

Front 18

What type of events are events that cant happen at the same time?

Back 18

Mutually exclusive events

Front 19

___ ("Or"/"And") indicates mutually exclusive events and that you should use the ___ (sum/product) rule

Back 19

"Or," sum rule

Front 20

If you see "or," ___ (add/multiply)

Back 20

Add

Front 21

What type of events are those in which the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of another and that can happen at the same time?

Back 21

Independent events

Front 22

___ ("Or"/"And") indicates independent events and that you should use the ___ (sum/product) rule

Back 22

"And," product rule

Front 23

If you see "and," ___ (add/multiply)

Back 23

Multiply

Front 24

What is used to calculate the probability of a group of unordered events?

Back 24

Binomial expansion

Front 25

In a binomial expansion, the "probability that the unordered outcome will occur" is represented by what variable?

Back 25

P

Front 26

In a binomial expansion, the "total number of events" is represented by what variable?

Back 26

n

Front 27

In a binomial expansion, the "number of events in one category" is represented by what variable?

Back 27

x

Front 28

In a binomial expansion, the "individual probability of x" is represented by what variable?

Back 28

p

Front 29

In a binomial expansion, the "individual probability of the other category" is represented by what variable?

Back 29

q

Front 30

0! = what?

Back 30

1

Front 31

4! is equivalent to what expression

Back 31

4x3x2x1

Front 32

Autosomal traits are coded for by genes that are on ___ (sex/non-sex) chromosomes

Back 32

Non-sex

Front 33

An autosomal recessive trait is seen in the phenotype only when the individual possesses ___ (one/two) copies of the recessive allele

Back 33

Two

Front 34

With an autosomal recessive trait, individuals who have the disease are often born to parents who ___ (do/do not)

Back 34

Do not

Front 35

With an autosomal recessive trait, if both parents have the disorder, ___ (all/half) of their children will have it

Back 35

All

Front 36

With an autosomal recessive trait, the disease ___ (is/is not) usually seen in each generation

Back 36

Is not

Front 37

An autosomal dominant trait is observed in the phenotype when the individual possesses ___ (one/two/one or two) copies of the recessive allele

Back 37

One or two

Front 38

With an autosomal dominant trait, each individual who has the disease has ___ (at least one/no) affected parents

Back 38

At least one

Front 39

With an autosomal dominant trait in crosses where one parent is affected and the other is not, approximately ___ (all/half) the offspring express the disease

Back 39

Half

Front 40

With an autosomal dominant trait, two affected parents ___ (may/may not) produce unaffected children

Back 40

May

Front 41

With an autosomal dominant trait, two unaffected parents ___ (will/will not) have any children with the disease

Back 41

Will not

Front 42

What is the name of the cell cycle phase that accounts for the longer time between M phases?

Back 42

Interphase

Front 43

What is the name of the cell cycle phase that accounts for the short time during which the cell divides?

Back 43

M phase

Front 44

In what cell cycle phase does gene expression and other cellular activity occur in preparation for DNA synthesis?

Back 44

G1

Front 45

In what cell cycle phase does DNA replication/synthesis and chromosome duplication occur?

Back 45

S phase

Front 46

In what cell cycle phase does the cell prepare for division?

Back 46

G2

Front 47

___ (Mitosis/Meiosis) occurs in somatic cells

Back 47

Mitosis

Front 48

___ (Mitosis/Meiosis) occurs in germ-line (sex) cells

Back 48

Meiosis

Front 49

If the cell senses that ___ (chromosomes/telomeres) are too short, it will get shunted off into ___ (G1/G0) and be programmed for ___ (continuation/death)

Back 49

Telomeres, G0, death

Front 50

Protein kinases + ___ (tranferase/cyclin) protein = Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

Back 50

Cyclin

Front 51

What components signal the cell that it is ready to pass into the next stage of the cell cycle?

Back 51

Cdks

Front 52

In sex cells, meiosis results in ___ (2/4) ___ (haploid/diploid) daughter cells

Back 52

4 haploid daughter cells

Front 53

In somatic cells, mitosis results in ___ (2/4) ___ (haploid/diploid) daughter cells

Back 53

2 diploid daughter cells

Front 54

In meiosis, homologs separate from one another during ___ (metaphase I/anaphase I)

Back 54

Anaphase I

Front 55

___ (Joining/Crossing over) between homologues and ___ (independent assortment/segregation) of alleles are 2 mechanisms in meiosis that contribute to genetic variation

Back 55

Crossing over and independent assortment

Front 56

___ (Y/X)-linked inheritance is the term for traits carried on the X chromosome

Back 56

X-linked

Front 57

Since males only have one X chromosome, they are ___ (homozygous/heterozygous/hemizygous) for X-linked traits

Back 57

Hemizygous

Front 58

What is the name of the cross in which the two opposite mating sexes are each coupled with each of two different genotypes and mated with the reciprocal combination?

Back 58

Reciprocal cross

Front 59

___ (Phenotypic/Chromosomal) sex is the presence of chromosomes characteristic of each sex and is determined at the moment of fertilization

Back 59

Chromosomal

Front 60

___ (Phenotypic/Chromosomal) sex is the internal and external morphology of each sex, and results from differences in gene expression

Back 60

Phenotypic

Front 61

What is the transcription factor needed for male-specific gene expression?

Back 61

SRY

Front 62

With the Z/W system found in birds, reptiles, fish, butterflies, and moths, females have two ___ (same/different) sex chromosomes, and males have two of the ___ (same different) sex chromosomes

Back 62

Females have two different, males have two of the same

Front 63

In X-linked recessive inheritance, females ___ (homozygous/heterozygous) for the recessive allele or males ___ (hemizygous/heterozygous) for it display the recessive phenotype

Back 63

Females homozygous, males hemizygous

Front 64

In X-linked dominant inheritance, females ___ (homozygous/heterozygous) for the dominant allele and males ___ (hemizygous/heterozygous) for the dominant allele express the dominant phenotype

Back 64

Females heterozygous and males hemizygous

Front 65

Hemizygous males ___ (do/do not) display any allele on their single X whether the allele is recessive or dominant in females

Back 65

DO

Front 66

With an X-linked recessive trait, many more ___ (males/females) have the trait

Back 66

Males

Front 67

With an X-linked recessive trait, a recessive male mated with a homozygous dominant female produces ___ (all/some) offspring with the dominant phenotype, but all ___ (female/male) offspring are carriers

Back 67

All, female

Front 68

With an X-linked recessive trait, matings of homozygous recessive females with dominant males produce ALL ___ (dominant/recessive) female offspring (carriers) and ALL ___ (dominant/recessive) male offspring

Back 68

Dominant female offspring, recessive male offspring

Front 69

With an X-linked recessive trait, there ___ (is/is no) male-to-male transmission

Back 69

Is no!!!

Front 70

With an X-linked dominant trait, heterozygous females mated to wild-type males transmit the dominant allele to ___ (all/half) of their progeny of EACH sex

Back 70

Half

Front 71

With an X-linked dominant trait, dominant males mated to homozygous recessive females pass the trait to ___ (all/none) of their daughters and ___ (all/none) of their sons

Back 71

ALL of their daughters and NONE of their sons

Front 72

With an X-linked dominant trait, the trait appears ___ (equally/unequally) frequently in males and females, but in small sample sizes, we can often see more affected ___ (females/males)

Back 72

Equally, more affected females

Front 73

___ (X/Y)-linked traits are transmitted in an exclusively male-to-male pattern

Back 73

Y-linked traits

Front 74

There are more ___ (X/Y)-linked traits in existence

Back 74

X-linked traits

Front 75

Though males only have one Y chromosome, they ___ (are/are not) hemizygous for it

Back 75

Are not

Front 76

In determining the mode of transmission or mode of inheritance of a trait with a pedigree, unless you are otherwise told in the problem, assume complete ___ (dominance/recessive) and rarity of ___ (dominants/recessives)

Back 76

Assume complete dominance and rarity of recessives

Front 77

In determining the mode of transmission or mode of inheritance of a trait with a pedigree, you can assume that someone marrying into a family with a recessive trait ___ (is/is not) a carrier

Back 77

Is not

Front 78

What is the term for someone who is a heterozygote for a recessive allele?

Back 78

Carrier