Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Genome |
The complete collection of genetic information in an organism
|
|
|
|
Transmission genetics
|
The basic principles of heredity and how they are passed on one generation to the next
|
|
|
|
Molecular genetics
|
The chemical nature of the gene; how it is encoded, replicated and expressed
|
|
|
|
Population genetics
|
The genetic composition of groups of individual members in the same species and how that composition changes with geography and time
|
|
|
|
Model genetic organisms
|
Organisms that are especially useful for the study of genetics due to their ease of reproduction and genetic variation
|
|
|
|
Pangenesis
|
Genetic information travels from different parts of the body to reproductive organs
|
|
|
|
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
|
Inherit characteristics your parents were good at or skills they performed
|
|
|
|
Preformationism
|
Miniature organism resides in sex cells and all trait ares inherited from one parent
|
|
|
|
Blending inheritance
|
You inherit a mixture of your parents trait (i.e. Red and white flower will always produce a pink one)
|
|
|
|
Cell theory
|
All life is composed of cells, and cells arise only from cells
|
|
|
|
Germ-plasm theory
|
Theory in which all cells contain a complete set of genetic information
|
|
|
|
Prokaryote
|
Simple structured cells with no nucleus
|
|
|
|
Eukaryote
|
Complex structured cells with a nucleus and compartmentalized cell structures
|
|
|
|
Eubacteria
|
No histones, true bacteria, common,
|
|
|
|
Archaea
|
Ancient bacteria, extremophiles
|
|
|
|
Nucleus
|
Organelle that contains the DNA of eukaryotes
|
|
|
|
Histone
|
Protien that DNA wraps around to form chromatin
|
|
|
|
Chromatin
|
A DNA/histone complex
|
|
|
|
Virus
|
Neither a prokaryote or eukaryote, just a simple protien coat filled with DNA
|
|
|
|
Homologous pair
|
A set of corresponding chromosomes
|
|
|
|
Diploid
|
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes
|
|
|
|
Haploid
|
A cell containing one set of DNA
|
|
|
|
Telomere
|
A natural end to the chromosomes to prevent DNA degradation
|
|
|
|
Origin of replication
|
The sites where DNA synthesis begins
|
|
|
|
Sister chromatid
|
A chromosome and it's copy (X shaped chromosome)
|
|
|
|
Cell cycle
|
The lifecycle of a cell, it's growth and reproduction
|
|
|
|
Checkpoint
|
A point where a cell checks it's status and either continues its division or stops
|
|
|
|
Interphase
|
Group of phases where the cell grows and prepares to reproduce
|
|
|
|
M phase
|
The phase of the cell cycle where either Mitosis or Meiosis occurs
|
|
|
|
Mitosis
|
The cell division of somatic cells
|
|
|
|
Cytokinesis
|
The final stage of mitosis/meiosis where the cell divides into two daughter cells
|
|
|
|
Prophase
|
The first phase of mitosis where the nucleoili dissappears and the mitotic spindles form. Chromosomes condense.
|
|
|
|
Prometaphase
|
The second phase of mitosis where the spindles attach to the kinetochores and the opposite ends of the cell. Chromosomes condense further.
|
|
|
|
Metaphase
|
The third phase where the spindles align the chromosomes along the center of the cell known as the metaphase plate. Centrosomes are at opposite ends of cell.
|
|
|
|
Anaphase
|
The chromosomes are cleaved and dragged apart. Shortest stage
|
|
|
|
Telophase
|
The two daughter nuclei form, the chromosomes decondense, and the spindles depolymerize. Sometimes cytokinesis occurs during this point.
|
|
|
|
Meiosis
|
The cell division of gametes. Two divisions occur.
|
|
|
|
Fertilization
|
The process where two haploid gametes fuse and restore the chromosome numbers to their original 2n value.
|
|
|
|
Prophase I
|
A lengthy stage in meiosis, divided into five substages. Main focus is chromosome condensation and organization and crossing over.
|
|
|
|
Synapsis
|
The process of the synaptonemal complex forming
|
|
|
|
Bivalent
|
A pair of associated homologous chromosomes held together by a synaptonemal complex
|
|
|
|
Tetrad
|
Same as bivalent
|
|
|
|
Crossing over
|
The process where segments of nonsister chromatids are exchanged during prophase 1. A source of genetic variation
|
|
|
|
Metaphase I
|
Spindles attach to kinetochores and homologous pairs of chromosomes align along metaphase plate
|
|
|
|
Anaphase I
|
Homologous pairs of chromosomes are split apart
|
|
|
|
Telophase I
|
Chromosomes arrive at the spindle point and the cytoplasm divides.
|
|
|
|
Interkinesis
|
Period between meiosis I and II where membranes reform, spindles breakdown, chromosomes relax. Some cells skip this.
|
|
|
|
Prophase II
|
Chromosomes recondense, spindles reform, membranes break down. The cells that skip interkinesis skip this.
|
|
|
|
Metaphase II
|
Chromosomes attach to spindles and lign up along metaphase plate
|
|
|
|
Anaphase II
|
Sister chromatid are cleaved and dragged to opposite ends of the cell.
|
|
|
|
Telophase II
|
Chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and the cytoplasm divides.
|
|
|
|
Recombination
|
The creation of new combinations of alleles on a chromatid through crossing over
|
|
|
|
Cohesin
|
The protien that holds sister chromatids together.
|
|
|
|
Spermatogenesis
|
The production fo gametes in male animals
|
|
|
|
Spermatogonium
|
Diploid cells produced mitotically in male animals that undergo prophase I to become primary spermatocyte.
|
|
|
|
Primary Spermatocyte
|
Undergoes meiosis I to become secondary spermatocyte
|
|
|
|
Spermatid
|
Formed after secondary spermatocyte undergo meiosis II. Mature into sperm.
|
|
|
|
Oogenesis
|
The production of gametes in female animals
|
|
|
|
Oogonium
|
Diploid cells produced mitotically in female animals that undergo prophase I to become primary oocyte
|
|
|
|
Primary Oocyte
|
Undergoes meiosis I to become secondary oocyte and a first polar body
|
|
|
|
Secondary Oocyte
|
Undergoes meiosis II after coming in contact with sperm to become an ovum and secondary polar body
|
|
|
|
First polar body
|
A cell formed from meiosis I of the oogonium that may or may not undergo meiosis II
|
|
|
|
Microsporocyte
|
Diploid cells produced mitotically in male plants that undergo prophase I to become microspores
|
|
|
|
Microspore
|
Reproduce mitotically to create immature pollen grains
|
|
|
|
Megasporocyte
|
Diploid cells produced mitotically in female plants that undergo prophase I to become megaspores. Only one survives.
|
|
|
|
Megaspore
|
Reproduce mitotically to create immature seeds
|
|
|
|
Centrosome
|
Subcellular region containing material (spindle material) that organizes cells during the cell cycle
|
|
|
|
Centromere
|
The center area where the kinetochore lies and spindle microtubules attach at
|
|
|
|
Chiasma/chiasmata
|
Forms out of the condensation of the synaptonemal complex in diplotene. Sites of crossing over.
|
|
|
|
Chromosome
|
Complexes of genetic data composed of DNA and associated protiens
|
|
|
|
Genetic mosaic
|
individuals with patches of genetic defects and large areas of regular cells
|
|
|
|
Karyotype
|
The complete set of chromosomes seen during cell division in which a special picture is taken of.
|
|
|
|
Parthenogenesis
|
A form of reproduction where an animal develops from an unfertilized egg
|
|
|
|
S phase
|
Synthesis of new DNA
|
|
|
|
Shugoshin
|
Protien responsible for preventing cohesin from breaking down on the centromere during anaphase I
|
|
|
|
Spindle microtubules
|
Long strands of reassembled broken down cytoskeleton that are responsible for arranging the chromosomes during M-phase
|
|
|
|
Synaptonemal complex
|
series of crossing and connected points on homologous chromosomes during prophase I
|
|
|
|
Telomere
|
Ends of chromosomes that prevent the chromosomes from degrading.
|
|
|
|
Metacentric chromosome
|
Centromere is in the center
|
|
|
|
Submetacentric chromosome
|
Centromere is slightly off center
|
|
|
|
Acrocentric chromosome
|
Centromere is very off center
|
|
|
|
Telocentric chromosome
|
Centromere is at the top or bottom
|
|
|
|
addition rule
|
Probability rule
|
"OR"
|
|
|
multiplication rule
|
Probability rule
|
"AND"
|
|
|
allele
|
A variation of a gene (Brown eye or blue eye)
|
|
|
|
backcross
|
A cross between an offspring and a parent generation
|
|
|
|
Chi square
|
Process for testing goodness of fit of a sample
|
|
|
|
Dihybrid cross
|
Cross of two characteristics on a punnett square
|
|
|
|
dominant
|
a gene that will always express when paired with another gene
|
|
|
|
F1 generation
|
Filial 1 generation, born from P generation
|
|
|
|
F2 generation
|
Filial 2 generation, born from F1 generation
|
|
|
|
gene
|
the fundamental unit of heredity
|
|
|
|
genotype
|
the complete collection of an indviduals genes
|
|
|
|
heterozygous
|
When a gene is composed of two different alleles (Aa)
|
|
|
|
homozygous
|
When a gene is composed of two of the same alleles (AA)
|
|
|
|
law of segregation
|
States that when a normal gamete is formed that the child cells will each receive half of the chromosomes.
|
|
|
|
law of independent assortment
|
States that when a normal gamete is formed that assortment of genes on different chromosomes will be randomly distributed due to random alignment of chromosomes during metaphase.
|
|
|
|
locus
|
Specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele
|
|
|
|
p=0.05
|
the normal minimal accepted percent of match on a chi suare test
|
|
|
|
phenotype
|
the complete set of displayed traits of an individual
|
|
|
|
Punnett square
|
A useful tool in determining offspring genotypes
|
|
|
|
recessive
|
An allele that will not display unless it is paired with another recessive allele
|
|
|
|
reciprocal cross
|
A cross that reverses the genders to ensure that sex characteristics did not affect the childrens genes
|
|
|
|
testcross
|
A test of an unknown genotype with a known (usually homozygous) genotype
|
|
|
|
wild type
|
The allele that is commonly found in the wild |
|
