Genetics: Chapter 11

Front 1

the process by which the genetic material is copied?

Back 1

DNA replication

Front 2

DNA replication relies on ______ rule?

Back 2

chargaffs

Front 3

the product of replication have

Back 3

identical base sequences

Front 4

there are two models of DNA replication. what are they?

Back 4

conservative model and semiconservative model

Front 5

model in which both strands stay together after DNA replication ?

Back 5

conservative model

Front 6

the double stranded DNA contains one parental strand and one daughter strand?

Back 6

semiconservative model

Front 7

model in which parental and daughter DNA are interdispersed in both strands following replication?

Back 7

Dispersive model

Front 8

in bacteria DNA synthesis begins at a site called the ?

Back 8

origin of replication

Front 9

each baterial chromosome has only _____ origin of replication ?

Back 9

one

Front 10

synthesis of DNA proceeds ______ around the bacterial chromosomes?

Back 10

bidirectionally

Front 11

what ends replication ?

Back 11

when the replication forks eventually meet at the opposite side of the bacterial chromosome

Front 12

the origin of replication in E coli is termed ____?

Back 12

oriC

Front 13

three types of DNA sequences in oriC?

Back 13

AT rich regions; DnaA boxes; GATC methylation sites

Front 14

in Ecoli DNA replication is initiated by the bidning of _________ to the ______?

Back 14

DnaA proteins to the DnaA box sequences

Front 15

Helicase (DnaB) travels along in the ______ direction and uses ATP?

Back 15

5 to 3

Front 16

helicase seperated the DNA strands by breaking _____ bonds

Back 16

hydrogen

Front 17

helicase generated ______ supercoiling ahead of each replication fork?

Back 17

positive

Front 18

________ travels ahead of the helicase the releive and alleviate these supercoils

Back 18

DNA gyrase

Front 19

keeps seperated DNA strands apart?

Back 19

Single Strang binding proteins

Front 20

then short _______ are synthesized by DNA primase?

Back 20

RNA primers

Front 21

these short RNA strands do what?

Back 21

prime or start the DNA synthesis ( they are later removed and replaced with DNA)

Front 22

attaches nucleotides to created new DNA?

Back 22

DNA polymerases

Front 23

in E.coli there are five proteins that are polymerases. DNA polymerases __ and ___ are for normal replication while the other 3 are for repair?

Back 23

I and III

Front 24

composed of single polypeptide; removed RNA primers and replaces then with DNA?

Back 24

DNA pol I

Front 25

composed of 10 different subunits (alpha subunit synthesizes DNA); refered to as DNA poly holoenzyme?

Back 25

DNA pol III

Front 26

Bacterial DNA polymerase subunits may vary in their subunit composition. however they have the same type of catalytic subunit.

Back 26

note

Front 27

DNA polymerase cannot initiate _____ synthesis?

Back 27

DNA

Front 28

DNA polymerase can only attach nucleuotide in the __ to ___ direction ?

Back 28

5 to 3

Front 29

what is the difference in the leading strand and the lagging strand?

Back 29

laggin strand synthesis occur away from the replication fork

Front 30

which strand has ozaki fragments?

Back 30

laggin strand

Front 31

removed the RNA primer and fill the gaps with DNA?

Back 31

DNA polymerase I

Front 32

it uses its 5 to 3 exonuclease activity to digest RNA and its 5 to 3 polymerase activity to replace it with DNA

Back 32

note

Front 33

after the gap is filled what comes along and created the covalent bond?

Back 33

DNA ligase

Front 34

DNA polymerase catalyzes a _______ bond between the innermost phosphate group of the incoming deoxynucleoside triphohsphate.

Back 34

phosphodiester

Front 35

what is reelased from this interaction?

Back 35

two molecules of organis phosphate

Front 36

remains attached to the template as it is synthesizing the daughter strand

Back 36

DNA polymerase III

Front 37

for this reason DNA pol III is said to be a ______ enzyme?

Back 37

processive

Front 38

DNA pol III has several subunits. beta subunit is termed the ____ protein?

Back 38

clamp

Front 39

the y subunit is needed for..?

Back 39

beta to clamp onto the DNA

Front 40

S, S' and Y subunits are need for optimal fucntion of the previously mentioned subunits.

Back 40

note

Front 41

what happens in the absence of the beta subunit?

Back 41

DNA pol III falls off the DNA template

Front 42

Opposite of the oriC is a pair of terminatoin sequences called ____ sequences?

Back 42

ter

Front 43

these are designated ___ and ___?

Back 43

T1 and T2

Front 44

the protein ____ binds to these sequences stopping the movement of the replication fork?

Back 44

tus

Front 45

DNA replication ends when opposte ________ meet?

Back 45

forks

Front 46

DNA replication often results in intertwined molecules called ?

Back 46

catenanes

Front 47

these are seperated by action of ______?

Back 47

topoisomerasaes

Front 48

bind to DNA A boxes within the origin to initate DNA replicatio?

Back 48

DnaA protein

Front 49

seperated DS DNA?

Back 49

DNA helicase (DnaB)

Front 50

aids in recruitment of helicase?

Back 50

DnaC protien

Front 51

removes supercoils ahead of replication fork?

Back 51

topoisomerase

Front 52

synthesizes RNA primers?

Back 52

DNA primase

Front 53

syntesizes DNA in the leading and lagging strand?

Back 53

DNA pol III

Front 54

removes RNA prime and fills the gaps?

Back 54

DNA pol I

Front 55

covalently attach ozaki fragments?

Back 55

DNA ligase

Front 56

binds to ter sequence and prevent advancement of the fork?

Back 56

tus

Front 57

forms a comples called primosome which leads the way at the replication fork?

Back 57

DNA helicase and primase

Front 58

the primosome ( helicase and primase) are physically bound with the DNA polymerase holoenzyme to create ?

Back 58

replisome

Front 59

two ______ proteins act in concert to replicate both the leading and lagging strand?

Back 59

DNA pol III

Front 60

the two units form a _____ ____ _____ that moves together toward the replication fork?

Back 60

dimeric DNA polymerase

Front 61

DNA polyermase can only syntehsis DNA in the _ to _ direction?

Back 61

5 to 3

Front 62

so synthesis of the ____ strand in continuous and syntesis of the ______ strand is discontinuous?

Back 62

leading ; lagging

Front 63

how does the lagging strand aloow for 5 to 3 replication ?

Back 63

its looped

Front 64

DNA replication mistake are rare. DNA pol III makes only one mistake every 10(8) bases made.

Back 64

note

Front 65

while proofreading DNA pol III uses its 3 to 5 _____ function to remove the incorrect nucleotide?

Back 65

exonuclease

Front 66

bacterial cell control there DNA replication by controlling the activity at the ____ site

Back 66

oriC

Front 67

a type of conditional mutant?

Back 67

a temperature sensitive mutant

Front 68

Eukaryotic chromosomes have ____ origins of replication while bacterial chromosome only have one?

Back 68

multiple

Front 69

why do they have multiple origin of replications?

Back 69

because the chromsome is sooooo long

Front 70

DNA replication proceeds bidirectionally from many origins or replication.

Back 70

note

Front 71

how are origin of replication similar to that of bacteria origin or replication?

Back 71

they have high AT compositions

Front 72

acts as an initiator of eukaryotic DNA replication?

Back 72

Origin Recognition Complex

Front 73

ORC requires ATP to bind to ____ elements?

Back 73

ARS elements (origin of replication)

Front 74

mammilian cells have well of a dozen different _____ ____?

Back 74

DNA polymerases

Front 75

DNA pol __ is the only polymerase that associates the primase

Back 75

alpha

Front 76

DNA pol alpha/ primase complex is used by DNA pol __ and __ to elongate the leading and lagging strand.

Back 76

delta and epsilon

Front 77

the exchange of DNA pol alpha for delta or epsilon is called the ...?

Back 77

polymerase switch

Front 78

DNA polymerase also plays a role in DNa ____?

Back 78

repair

Front 79

plays a role in base excision repair and is not involved in replication?

Back 79

DNA pol beta

Front 80

involved in the replication of damaged DNA; they can synthesize a complementary strand over and abnormal region?

Back 80

lesion-replicating polymerases

Front 81

replication doubles the amount of DNA therefore the cell must synthesize more _____ as well?

Back 81

histone

Front 82

sythesis of histone occurs during __ phase?

Back 82

S

Front 83

each new daughter strand has a mixure of...?

Back 83

old and new histones

Front 84

linear eukaryotic chromosomes have _____ at both ends.

Back 84

telomeres

Front 85

telomeric sequences consist of a _____ overhang that is 12 to 16 nucleotides long?

Back 85

3' overhang

Front 86

telomeric regions ussually consist of ____ and ____

Back 86

Gs and Ts

Front 87

where does the enzyme telomerase bind?

Back 87

to the overhang