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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Law of independent assortment |
Genes that segregate independently do not affect each others inheritance; they are sorted at random |
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Law of segregation |
Chromosomes are separated during meiosis and the gamete has an equal chance of inheriting either allele for each trait |
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Test crosses |
An unknown individual is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype |
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Gene recombination |
New genes that result from crossing over and independent assortment |
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Gene linkage |
Genes that are close to each other travel together |
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Chromosome maps show? |
The order of genes on a chromosome |
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Polyploidy |
-one or more extra sets of chromosomes -rarely happens in animals -normal for plants(makes them stronger) |
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Gametes have ___ sets of chromosomes |
23(haploid) |
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Zygotes have ___ sets of chromosomes |
46(diploid) |
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Triploid |
-3 sets of chromosomes -lethal in humans |
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Autosomal recessive traits don't... |
Appear on the sex chromosomes traits -ex:cystic fibrosis: caused by a defect in the gene for a membrane transport protein -Tay-sachs: absence of an enzyme that breaks down lipids in the brain -phenylketonuria: absence of gene that breaks down phenylalanine |
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Huntingtons disease is a |
Dominant trait |
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Incomplete dominance |
Neither trait is dominant so a third trait is made that is a blending of the two -ex:flower color |
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Codominance |
-Both traits are dominant and a combination of both is shown -ex:sickle cell: some cells are normal while others are sickle shaped OR -neither trait is dominant |
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Multiple alleles |
When there are more than two alleles for a given trait; each person will have two of those alleles -ex: blood type |
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Sex linked trait |
Trait found in the genes the x chromosome has that the y doesn't -ex: colorblindness -ex:hemophilia |
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Pedigree |
Chart of family history that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations; helps to predict genetic disorders -dominat pedigree has a colored in shape in every generation -receccive pedigree has one every other generation |
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Polygenic inheritance |
Single trait controlled by many different genes -ex: skin color and height |
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Difference between monohybrid and dihybrid |
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Application of genetics |
Any practice that increases the frequency of a specific allele |
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Selective breeding |
Breeding livestock, plants, or pets that display desired traits in order to increase the frequency of that trait |
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Hybrid vigor/ hybridization |
Breeding things with different traits to produce offspring that have both traits; makes the offspring stronger |
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Cloning |
Making an identical copy of a gene or an entire organism |
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Gene therapy |
Inserting a normal gene into a person with an absent/abmormal gene; once inserted the normal gene begins to produce the correct protein/ enzyme which eliminates the disorder |
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Stem cells |
Cells that have the potential to be specialized in structure or function -usually in embryos |
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Recombinant dna |
Combined DNA from two organisms |
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Transgenic orgsnisms |
Organisms that contain functional recombinant dna |
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Steps for transgenic orgsnisms |
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Genome |
Complete set of genes in an organisms dna |
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Gene map |
Shows the location of the gene in the chromosome |
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Gel electrophoresis |
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Steps for gel electrophoresis |
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Gel electrophoresis stuff |
-Since DNA is negatively charged its attracted to the positive end of the gel; the shortest DNA fragments move faster causing the DNA to be separated by length |
