Genetics

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Gregor Mendel

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Did work with passing of genetic traits from one generation to the next. Worked with the garden pea

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Stamens

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Produces pollen

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Carpel

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Eggs are found at the base of this structure

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Monohybrid Cross

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Involves one trait. For example seed shape.

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Dominant Character

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A character that always appeared in the F1 generation

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Recessive Character

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Character that disappears in the F1 generation. This character can reappear in future generations

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Phenotypic ratio

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Ratio of the different physical characteristics that the organism has

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Phenotype

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Physical characteristic of an organism

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Principle of Segregation

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Every organism has two factors that control a certain characteristic. These factors seperate in the formation of gametes

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Gene in Mendelian Genetics

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an inherited factor that determines a biological trait of an organism

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allele

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one of two or more alternative forms of a gene

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Genotype

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Sum total of all of the genes in the organism

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Homozygous

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shown by same allele, either dominant or recessive

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heterozygous

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one copy of each allele present. One dominant and one recessive

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Punnett Square

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shows all possible geontypes of a generation

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Principle of Independent Assortment

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The members of a pair of traits are distributed or assorted independently when the gametes are formed

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Independent Traits

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Traits whose genes are present on non homolygous chromosomes

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Rule Of Probablility

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The chance that a number of independent events will occur together is equal to the product of the chances that each event will occur seperately

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Test Cross

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A genetic cross in which an unknown genotype is crossed with an individual which is homozygous recessive

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Incomplete Dominance

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Both alleles should end up being expressed

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Autosomes

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22 pairs of chromosomes not used in sex determination

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Nondisjunction

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Primarily prominent in females. The failure of homolygous chromosomes to seperate at meiosis

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Superfemale

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XXX- sterile and suffer from mental retardation

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Turner Syndrome

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X- Short in stature and the sex organs don't develop. Lack secondary sex characteristics

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Klinefelters Syndrome

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XXY- Phenotypically male with female contours

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Sex linked traits

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traits whose genes are present on the x chromosome

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Red Green Color Blindness

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Males have a higher chance of it. A sex linked recessive trait

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Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)

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Caused by nondisjunction. Short in stature with a degree of retardation. Causes heart and respiratory problems

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Mutation

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Sudden permanent change in genetic material. A majority are dangerous

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Muscular Dystrophy

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Caused by a single recessive mutation. Results in deterioration of muscles

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Codon

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Triplet set of bases specifying an amino acid. There are 64 of them

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Stop Codons

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Tell you stop reading a message. Do not represent an amino acid

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Gene

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sequence of bases in DNA that code for a particular functional polypeptide

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Transcription

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the enzymatic process by which the base sequence in DNA is copied into a complementary copy of RNA

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Promoter

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infront of where process of transcription starts. RNA polymerase attaches here.

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Translation

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The enzymatic process in which the base sequence in RNA is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein

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1. mRNA
2. Ribosome
3. Variety of tRNA
4. Copies of all 20 amino acids
5. Various enzymes and factors

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Things needed to carry out translation

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Anticodon

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Series of three unpaired codons

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Initiation

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brings everyting together to start the process

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Elongation

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Enlarge the protein by adding amino acids. Largest part of protein synthesis

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Termination

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At the end, protein is completely made. Take apart everything started at initiation.

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P site

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Peptide site

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A site

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Amino Acid Site

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Translocation

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shifting of ribosome one codon to the right

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Internal Fertilization

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fertilization that occurs inside the female

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external fertilization

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fertilization that occurs outside the male or female. Example frogs