Genetically Modified Foods

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Definition of Genetically Modified Foods (GMF)

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Food derived from Genetic Modified Organisms (GMO).GMOs have specific changes introduced into their DNA through genetic engineering techniques.

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History of GMF

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Corn destroyed by European corn borer led to the development of transgenic Bt corn.Commercialization of the first GM plant (tomatoes - Flavr Savr) in 1994.1995 marked approval for transgenic crops like canola and herbicide-resistant cotton.

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Foods Made from Genetically Modified Crop

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Rice (Golden Rice): Genetically modified to contain high Vitamin A.Tomatoes: Engineered for longer shelf life and prevention of rotting.Corn: Resistant to pesticides.Canola: Modified for increased oil production.Papaya: Virus-resistant variety introduced in 1999.Soybean, Potato, Milk from GM cows, Pumpkin, Golden Rice, Bt Corn.

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Genetically Modified Foods and Consumer Outlets

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Transgenic plants and microorganisms moving from the laboratory to the field and food factory.GMF could appear in various forms, including fresh products, processed products, and those modified by biotechnology.

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Forms of GM Arising

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Natural Mutation, Conventional Breeding.Within-Species Gene Transfer, Trans-Species Gene Transfer.Recombinant DNA Technology.

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Recombinant DNA Technology

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A type of DNA created by combining portions of DNA from two or more different organisms.Results in genetic engineering, often referred to as recombinant DNA.

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Transgenic

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Refers to plants and organisms changed by adding genetic material from another species.

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What are Genetically Modified Foods?

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Also called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO).Involves inserting DNA from one organism into another or modifying an organism's DNA for a desired trait.

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Genetic Modification in Plants

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Involves five steps: Extraction of DNA, Gene Cloning, Designing Gene, Transformation and Tissue Cultures, Plant Breeding.

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GM Foods Potential Benefits

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- Environmental: Reduced use of herbicides and chemicals.- Reduced production costs, improved nutritional value, enhanced taste, and reduced maturation time.

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Effects/Risks of GM Plants Towards Environment:

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- Harmful effects: Higher levels of toxins, indigestibility to humans.

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Potential Human Health Risks:

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- Allergens: Introducing allergens through genetic engineering.- Unknown health risks due to complex biological interactions.

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Public Concerns of GM Foods:

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- Allergens, environmental hazards, herbicide, and pesticide resistance.- Concerns about nutritional value, gene transfer, and inadequate approval processes.

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GM Foods in Malaysia:

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- Biotechnology identified for growth in National Agriculture Policy.- National Guidelines and Biosafety Bill to regulate GMF.- Research on papaya, rubber, palm oil, and rice.

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GM Foods Assessment

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- WHO emphasizes risk assessment for GM foods, considering human health and the environment.- Concept of Substantial Equivalence (SE) for safety and nutritional assessment.

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Application of Transgenic Plants

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- Herbicide-resistant plants aid in weed control.- Delayed ripening in fruits and vegetables to assure quality, widen the market, and reduce postharvest losses.

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Transgenic Animals

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- Animals carrying foreign genes inserted using recombinant DNA methodology.- Applications include laboratory mice for disease studies and cows producing hypoallergenic milk.