Genetic Counselling And Personalised Medicine

Front 1

What is Genetic Counselling?

Back 1

Where advice and information is given, enabling people to make personal decisions about themselves or their offspring.

Front 2

What is one aspect of genetic counselling?

Back 2

Research the family history or an inherited disease and to advise parents on the likelihood of it arising in their children.

Front 3

What type of consequences can a counsellor inform a couple about?

Back 3

emotional, psycological, medical, social and economic consequences.

Front 4

What can a couple decide based on the information a genetic counsellor gives them?

Back 4

Whether or not to have children. Whether they would like additional medical tests to give a more accurate prediction whether their children will have the condition.

Front 5

What allows for personalised medicine?

Back 5

genetic screening

Front 6

How does having particular genes affect which medicines a doctor might give you?

Back 6

Having particular genes may mean a particular drug may work more or less effective in treating a condition.

Front 7

What does vitamin E do for people who have diabetes?

Back 7

For some people with a particuar genotype it reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, but it can increase the risk for those with a different genotype.

Front 8

Why is it advantageous to screen a person who has diabetes before advising them whether or not to take vitamin E supplements?

Back 8

For some people with a particuar genotype it reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, but it can increase the risk for those with a different genotype.

Front 9

What type of tool is genetic fingerprinting?

Back 9

diagnostic

Front 10

What areas is genetic fingerprinting used in?

Back 10

forensic science, plant and animal breeding and medical diagnosis.

Front 11

What part of DNA does genetic fingerprinting heavily rely on?

Back 11

variable number tandem repeats.

Front 12

What does VNTR stand for?

Back 12

variable number tandem repeats.

Front 13

What are VNTRs?

Back 13

eukaryotic cells contain many non-coding base of DNA

Front 14

Why are VNTRs useful in genetic fingerprinting?

Back 14

For every individual the number and length of VNTRs has a unique pattern. They are different in all individuals aprt from identical twins.

Front 15

The more closely related two individuals are, the more _______their VNTRs will be?

Back 15

similar

Front 16

What is Gel Electrophoresis used for?

Back 16

separate DNA fragments according to their size for genetic fingerprinting.

Front 17

What does the electrophoresis tank contain?

Back 17

agar gel immersed in a buffer solution

Front 18

Where are the wells in electrophoresis tank positioned?

Back 18

at the negative cathode end of the chair.

Front 19

What is pipetted into wells?

Back 19

DNA samples.

Front 20

What happens when a current is passed over the gel?

Back 20

The DNA fragmetns move towards the positive anode end of the tank over a fixed time.

Front 21

Which fragments move further?

Back 21

smaller fragments move further through the gel than the larger ones.

Front 22

What are the 5 steps in using gel electrophoresis to produce a gentic fingerprint?

Back 22

1. Extraction

2. Digestion

3. Separation

4. Hybridisation

5. Development

Front 23

What happens in extraction step of genetic fingerprinting?

Back 23

A DNA sample is taken from an organism. The DNA needs to be separated from the rest of the cell. The quantity can be amplified using PCR.

Front 24

Which cells can DNA be taken from?

Back 24

blood or root hair cell.

Front 25

What happens in the digestion stage of genetic fingerprinting?

Back 25

The DNA is cut into smaller fragments using restriction endonucleases.

Front 26

How are the DNA fragments separated according to size?

Back 26

Using gel electrophoresis.

Front 27

What is done following the electrophoresis process and why?

Back 27

The gel is immersed in alkali in order to separate the double strands into single strands.

Front 28

What are the DNA fragments are transferred to after being separated into single strands?

Back 28

nylon membrane.

Front 29

What happens in hybridisation?

Back 29

Radioactive (or fluorescent) DNA probes are used to bind to VNTRs. These have base sequences taht are complementary to VNTRS and bind to them under specific conditions, sucha s temperature and pH.

Front 30

Why are different DNA probes used in hybridisation?

Back 30

Bind to different target DNA sequences.

Front 31

When radioactive DNA probes are used how is the gentic fingerprint developed?

Back 31

X-ray film is plased over nylon membrnae. The film is exposed to the radiation from the radioactive probes.

Front 32

If fluorescent DNA probes are used how can the positions be located?

Back 32

visually

Front 33

What kind of pattern is revealed in development and why?

Back 33

Series of bars is revealed as the points correspond to the position of the DNA fragments as separated during electrophoresis.

Front 34

The pattern of bands is _______ to every individual apart from identical twins?

Back 34

unique

Front 35

How can results from DNA fingerprints be compared?

Back 35

visually or using an automated scanning machine.

Front 36

What does the automated scanning machine calculate?

Back 36

Tlength of DNA fragments frim the bands.

Front 37

What is calculated using the results from the results of automated scanning machine?

Back 37

Odds of someone else having an identical fingerprint.

Front 38

The ______ the match between two patterns, the _______the probability that the two sets of DNA have come from the same person.

Back 38

Closer

greater.

Front 39

How can DNA fingerprints be used to help resolve questions of paternity?

Back 39

Individuals inherit half of their genetic material from each of their parents. Therefore each band on a DNA fingerprint of an individual should have a corresponding band in one of the parent's DNA fingerprint.

Front 40

How can genetic fingerprints show that a population has low genetic diversity? (determining gentic variaablity)

Back 40

A population whose members have very similar genetic fingerprints

Front 41

What types of DNA are often left at crime scenes?

Back 41

blood, semen, hair.

Front 42

What can genetic fingerprinting determine about a crime scene?

Back 42

Whether an individual was present at a crime scene.

Front 43

What does genetic fingerprinting not prove?

Back 43

Whether an individual actually carried out the crime.

Front 44

What are other possible explanations for an individuals DNA being present at a crime scene?

Back 44

-DNA may have been left on some ther innocent occasion

-DNA may belong to a close relative

-DNA sample may have been contaminated after the crime, either by the suspect's DNA or by chemicals that affected the action of restriction endocleases used in preparing the fingerprint.

Front 45

How can genetic fingerprinting be used in medical diagnosis?

Back 45

Genetic fingerprint of an allele of a disease, of an individual can be compared to fingerprints of people with various forms of the disease nad without the disease.

Front 46

How genetic fingerprinting be used in breeding programmes on farms and in zoos?

Back 46

prevent undesirable inbreeding.

-identify plants or animals that have a particular allele of a desirable gene.

determination of paternity.

Front 47

Why may you want to identify plants or animals that have a particular allele of a gene?

Back 47

Individuals can then be selected for breeding in order to increase the probablity that their offspring have the characteristic it produces.

Front 48

Why may paterinity tests be used in animals?

Back 48

establish the pedigree of an individual.