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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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science
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facts-something we can see-evidence
process-ongoing rules |
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scientific method
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process of papers/experiments oversimplified
general process more complex many people don't have to experiment |
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technology
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application of science
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life
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consist of BUILDUP
ORGANIZED parts complex |
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list of simple atoms
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C, H, N, O, P, S
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four classes of bio macromolecules
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carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
POLYMERS |
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how life is organized
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communities, ecosystems, biomes, biosphere
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reductionism
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taking whole apart
understanding through parts whole=sum of parts |
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human genome
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3 billion letters/person
99.9% same 2% genes |
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complex system
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cannot understand from parts
whole>parts self-organized non-linear change emergence ex: brain, universe |
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2nd law thermodynamics
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entropy
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entropy
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amount of energy disperses
spontaneously energy lost in every transfer/conversion |
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how does life maintain organization/complexity
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energy/nutrients
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producers
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able to capture energy/carbon from environment
ex: cherry tree |
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consumers
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use energy/carbon stored in molecules by producers
ex: cow |
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why sense internal/external environment?
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maintain energy/nutrient balance
pass on genes |
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gene
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sequence of DNA on chromosome
determines trait instructions for making proteins stores info for organis to use control metabolic activities |
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metabolic activities
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growth
development reproduction |
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DNA
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controls traits
nucleic acid polymer macromolecule nitrogenous bases strands antiprime |
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nucleic acid
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builds DNA
made of strings of nucleotides |
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purines
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A,G
double |
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pyrimidines
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T, C
single |
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nitrogenous bases
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Athenine
Guanine Thymine Cytosine central part of DNA |
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antiprime
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one strand up
one down |
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RNA
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single strand
uracil instead of thymine sugar, base ribose sugar(instead of thymine) |
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protein synthesis
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sequence determining amino acid, determining sequence of protein
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amino acid
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made from sequence of DNA (group of three bases)
builds proteins |
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transcription
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reading gene
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translation
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building protein
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genetic code
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how DNA sequence translates to amino acid
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proteins
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critical for structure, metabolism
structure: muscle, cell structure enzymes function: lots |
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metabolism
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chemical reactions in cell
require enzymes |
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mutation
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random change in DNA sequence, RNA, amino acid, protein
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heredity
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how genes passed gen-gen
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human chromosomes
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23 sets of 2
set 23-sex(XY) whole: genome |
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homologous chromosomes
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pairs
same size/shape, genes |
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sex chromosomes
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X,Y
passed from parent to offspring in gametes |
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gamete
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sex cell
ex: egg/sperm produced during meiosis contain half normal amount DNA |
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meiosis
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produces gamete
sex |
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fertilization
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make offspring from joining both sets DNA
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mitosis
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how cells reproduce
growth/replacement/repair asexual reproduction |
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emergence
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complex systems, patterns emerge out of simplicity
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dominant trait
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one allelic form of gene form phenotype
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recessive trait
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sometimes hidden
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phenotype
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physical appearance
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genotype
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possible combination of factors
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homozygous
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two of same factors
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heterozygous
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one of each factor
ex:Ff |
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particles
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define trait
ex:Ff |
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gamete
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mature sex cells
separation of particles |
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zygote
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cell from union of two gametes
info from parents |
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monohybrid cross
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one trait
close to 3:1 ratio |
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dihybrid cross
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two traits
ex: petal color/pod color |
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locus
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location of gene on chrom
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homozygous chromosomes
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carry same genes same loci
may have diff alleles |
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dominant allele
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more than one copy pres
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recessive
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ONLY if two copies
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independent assortment
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homozygous chroms line up one of two ways
random separation of genes |
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expected outcome
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theoretical
based on probability |
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observed outcome
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experimental
actually measured/counted may not match |
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linkage
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traits cannot assort independently on same chrom
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recombination/crossing-over
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process durring meiosis can unlink genes
new combos not in parents |
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incomplete dominance
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when a phenotype is in between those of the two homozygotes
ex:gray is in between black/white |
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co-dominance
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two traits dominant with each other
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epistasis
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phenotype express of one gene affected by another
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pleitropy
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protein expresses as multiple traits
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nucleotide
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make up nucleic acids
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