General Staining/h&e

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substances attracting basic dyes are said to be

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basophilic

(they are acidic dyes)

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substances attracting acidic dyes are said to be

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acidophilic

(they are basic dyes)

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staining mechanism whereby tissue absorbs, or is penetrated by a dye

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absorption

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speeds up the rxn of the dye, but does not become a part of the dye molecule

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accelerator

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increases the selectivity of the dye, but does not become a part of the dye molecule

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accentuator

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one in which the coloring elements (chromophore group) are located in the anionic (acid) portion of the dye; stains basic tissue elements such as cytoplasm

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acid dye

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"acid loving"; basic tissue elements stained by acid dyes like eosin

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acidiophilic

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acidiophilic tissues are

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basic (cationic)

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the accumulation of a dye by the surface of a tissue component (electrostatic attraction or bonding)

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adsorption

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neither acid nor base, but can act as either depending on the staining procedure and the pH of the solution

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amphoteric dye

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referring to an acid dye or to its staining properties

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anionic

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tissue elements that are stainable with silver solutions without a chemical reduction step; has the affinity to reduce silver solution to visible metallic silver

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argentaffin

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tissue elements stainable with silver solutions only with the use of a chemical reducer step

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argyrophilic

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(aniline, coal tar, synthetic) not occuting naturally, produced by synthetic means from benzene derivatives

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artificial dyes

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have greater staining power, permit broader spectrum of color, and can be better quality controlled than naturally-occurring dyes

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artificial dyes

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gives the dye affinity for attachment to tissue; a common acid one is -COOH, a common basic is -NH2, may alter the shade of the dye, but do not give the color to the dye compound

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auxochrome

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one in which the coloring elements (chromophore group) are located in the cationic (basic) portion of the compound; stains acidic tissue elements such as nucleui

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basic dye

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"basic loving"; acid tissue elements, stained by basic dyes such as hematoxylin

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basophilila

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alkaline solutions used to make nucleui return to and retain the blue color of hematoxylin; Scott's tap water, lithium carbonate and ammonia water are commonly used

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bluing agents

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a combined acid and base solution used to prevent a change in the pH of another solution

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buffer

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referring to a basic dye, or to its staining properties

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cationic

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a benzene compound containing chromophore radicals

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chromogen

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atomic groups associated with color ("color bearing")

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chromophore

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unique standardized id system for dyes

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color index

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most common acidic auxochrome encountered in dye chemistry

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-COOH

carboxyl group

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one of more stains applied after the primary stain, contrasting the differences between the various tissue components; background stain, usually applied after the primary

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counterstain

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a benzene ring with chromophores and auxochromes attached; the color is from chromophores, affinity for tissues is from auxochromes

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dye

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the color in dye is from the

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chromophores

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the affinity for tissues in a dye is from the

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auxochromes

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the combination of mordant and dye

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dye lake

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the selective removal of excess stain from the tissue, contrasting tissue elements, controlled by microscopic evaluation; HCl alcohol of HCl water

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differentiation

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based on, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or logic

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empirical

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same as acidophilia

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eosinophilia

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the oxidized (ripened) hematoxylin product

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hematein

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the active coloring agent in hematoxylin

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hematein

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formalin pigment

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hematin

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pigment formed as a result of hemorrhage break-down

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hematoidin

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malarial pigment

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hemozoin

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the "staining" whereby metallic particles are deposited on or around the tissue element and are made visable by reduction of the metal

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impregnation

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stain solutions made colorless by the reduction (removal of O2) of their chromophore; color is restored when oxidized by combination of the dye with tissue; Schiff's reagent is generally considered this

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leuco compounds

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staining different tissue elements different colors by a single dye

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metachromasic

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metachromatic staines are an _____ reaction

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adsorption

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tissue elements that stain metachromatically are called

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chromotropes

(mucopolysaccharides, amyloid, mast cells, cartilage)

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salts of metals, used to link dye to tissue elements

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mordant

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a dye derived from natural animal or plant sources

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natural dye

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most common basic auxochrome group encountered in dye chemistry

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NH2

(amino group)

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staining of tissue the same color as the dye in solution

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orthochromasic

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example of a metachromatic stain

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toulene blue

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the addition of oxygen to a compound

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oxidatin

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differential staining of tissue elements by a combination of dyes in one solution, such as Giemsa stain

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polychromatic

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has affinity for, of demonstrates element of primary interest, usually a nuclear stain

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primary stain

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staining with a dye until the tissue takes up the desired amount of color, no differentiation for removal of excess stain

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progressive

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the removal of oxygen from a compound, usually replacing it with hydrogen

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reduction

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overstaining of tissue with dye, then partially decolorizing to give a sharp differentiation; desired structure will retain sufficient stain to make it visible, but the dye will be cleared from other tissue elements

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regressive

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the dye is more soluble in the tissue fat than in the dye solvent, it has deposited in the fat

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sudanophilic

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dye more soluble in tissue than solvent, this is a physical reaction

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sudanophilic

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nucleus is stained by a ____ stain

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basic

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cytoplasm is a ____ tissue element, stained with ____ dye

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basic, acidic

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the natural dye derived from the crocus flower is

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saffron

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the part of dye molecule that imparts color to the compound is

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chromophore

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the early term used to indicate synthetic dyes

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aniline

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method of staining that demonstrates ta structure by surrounding it with stain is called

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negative staining

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the chemical commonly used as a stain solution stabilizer is

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glycerine

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a benzene ring compound containing chromophore radicals is called

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chromogen

(dye would also have auxochromes)

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surface adsorption is a ____ reaction

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physical

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staining where stains are taken into living cells

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vital staining

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T/F increased temperature leads to increased dye penetration

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true

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bond where election pairs are shared

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covalent bonding

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natural dye from the heart of tropical logwood tree, colorless until oxidized, then produces dark purple color when modanted

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hematoxylin

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natural dye from the bark of the brazilwood tree; colorless until exposed to air, becomes red

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brazilin

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natural dye from indigofera plant; blue colored

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indigo

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natural dye from the dried and ground bodies of female cochineal beetle; deep red dye carmine is produced from this with alum

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cochineal

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natural violet dye from certain lichens

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orcein

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a benzene ring with chromophores and auxochromes attached

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dye

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alter the dye molecule and modify the dyes properties -leuco dyes (schiffs) and flourescent dyes (FITC)

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dye modifiers