Asvab General Science - Biology

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cell

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basic unit of life.
the average human body contains over 75 trillion cells.
plants cell have cell walls & chloroplasts - animal cells do NOT

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prokaryotic

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NO internal membrane to contain structures
e.g. bacteria

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eukaryotic

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contains a membrane-bound structure
e.g. protists, fungi, plants & animals

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outer membrane/cell membrane/plasma membrane

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dictator of cell. determines what what goes into or out of the cell

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organelles

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specialized parts that move around the cell and perform functions that are necessary for life.
e.g. nucleus, vacuoles, & mitochondria

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cytoplasm

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gelatin-like material that fills the cell.

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nucleus

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membrane that contains the cell's hereditary information & controls the cell's growth & reproduction. the nucleus contains chromosomes

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chromosomes

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made up of DNA.
DNA determines the characteristics & traits of the organism. e.g. hair color, leaf shape

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vacuoles

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storage containers of the cell. they may store waste or food until it is needed. in plant cells, there are large vacuoles that hold water

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mitochondria

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produces energy for the cell through a process called respiration

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respiration

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a series of chemical reactions that combine food and oxygen to create energy and waste by-product : carbon dioxide

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cell wall

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plants only!!
gives cell a firmer shape & support.
made up of cellulose which provides fiber for our good health.

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Animal Cell

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Plant Cell

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biology

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study of living things

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Carle Linné

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developed classification system used in modern biological science

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Name the seven basic levels of classification

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1. kingdom
2. phylum
3. class
4. order
5. family
6. genus
7. species

Acronym : Keep Pond Clean Or Froggy Gets Sick

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binomial

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two-word

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the scientific name of an organism consists of:

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a Genus name (always capitalized) and a
species name (always lower case)

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chloroplasts

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are green & contain chlorophyll – which use the process of photosynthesis to make food.

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photosynthesis

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interact with light energy, combining carbon dioxide from the air with water to make food.
carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen

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DNA

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deoxyribonucleic acid. Determines how one looks and how one functions.

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what is the DNA molecule composed of?

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1. sugar component
2. phosphate component
3. four different bases (adenine paris with thymine & cytosine pairs with guanine)

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genes

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parts of the DNA which determine the appearance & function of the new organism

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mitosis

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for cell division.

Nucleus divided once.
2 cells are formed.

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meiosis

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for sex cell formation.

Nucleus divides 2x.
4 cells are formed.
23 Chromosomes in each new cell

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Asexual reproduction

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is a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only (bacteria, the hydra & the eye of the potato)

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sexual reproduction

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the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes). In most higher organisms, one sex (male) produces a small motile gamete that travels to fuse with a larger stationary gamete produced by the other (female).
e.g. flowers, humans

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virus

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A piece of hereditary material which contains nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) & a protein coat.

Viruses DO NOT have a nucleus or other organelles & CAN NOT produce energy. They are NOT plants, animals or bacteria. They NEED a host cell.

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Monera

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1. one-celled or a colony of cells
2. producers, consumers, decomposers & parasites
3. move in water

e.g. bacteria, blue-green algae

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Protista

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1. one-celled or multicelled
2. producers & consumers
3. asexual & sexual reproduction
4. absorb food
5. have a nucleus (eukaryotic)
6. move with flagella

e.g. plankton, algae, amoeba, protozoans

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Fungi

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1. one-celled or multicelled
2. consumers (decomposers).
3. asexual reproduction & budding
4. absorb food
5. have a nucleus (eukaryotic)

e.g. mushrooms, molds, mildew, yeast, fungi

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Plantae

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1. multicelled
2. producers by photosynthesis

e.g. angiosperms, gymnosperms, mosses, liverworts, ferns, flowers, bushes, vines, trees & other plants

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Animalia

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1. multicelled
2. parasites & consumers
3. asexual & sexual reproduction

e.g. sponges, worms, insects, starfish, mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, gorillas, humans

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producers

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use an outside energy source, such as sunlight, to product energy. Most producers have chlorophyll, and most, but not all, are plants

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consumers

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cannot make their own energy - they need to eat other organisms

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The five kingdoms of life are:

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Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Most People Find Plants Attractive

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botany

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scientific study of plants

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vascular plants

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transport roots to the stems and to the leaves by means of tubelike structures

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nonvascular plants

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absorb water only through their surfaces

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gymnosperms

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don't produce flowers

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angiosperms

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produce flowers

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cotyledon

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part of the seed that stores the food

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monocots

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seed that have one cotyledon (part of the seed that stores the food)

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dicots

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seeds that have two cotyledon (part of the seed that stores the food)

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annuals

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go through their entire life cycle in one growing season

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biennials

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two-year growing cycle. in year one the seed germinates, produces leaves & roots, & forms a compact stem for food storage. in year two the plant forms an elongated stem, produces flowers and fruits and then ends with seed production

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perennials

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live for many years

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deciduous plants

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lose their leaves in the winter
e.g. shrubs & trees

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evergreen plants

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keep their leaves or needles throughout the year

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roots

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absorbing nutrients and water, anchoring the plant into the soil, holding up the stem and leaves & storing food

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taproot system

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one fat or sturdy main root
e.g. carrot, radish & parnsnips

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fibrous system

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many branched roots
e.g. most grasses

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stem

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the main trunk of the plant. carries nutrients, food & water through the plant via the vascular system

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nodes

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places in the stem where buds form

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internodes

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spaces between the nodes

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vascular system

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carries nutrients, food & water through the plant

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phloem tubes

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move food from the roots through the stem to the leaves

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xylem tubes

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move minerals and water. these tubes are surrounded by the cambium

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cambium

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the main tissue of the stem

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cuticle

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the protective layer on the leaves that reduces the evaporation of water from the plant. also helps protect the leaf from disease-causing organisms

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stomata

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tiny openings in the leafs that enable the plant to take in carbon dioxide & release oxygen into the atmosphere.

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guard cells

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cover the stomata openings (tiny openings in leaves) & regulate the exchange of water vapor, oxygen & carbon dioxide into & out of the stoma

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pistil

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the female portion of the flower. emcompasses the stigma, style & ovary.

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stigma

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the surface that captures and holds pollen

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style

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the area between the stigma & the ovaries

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stamen

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male portion of the flower

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sepals

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enclose various flower parts

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fruit

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ripened ovary or group of ovaries containing seeds
e.g. peanuts, sunflower seeds, barley, walnuts, tomatoes, grapes, oranges, apples, raspberries, cucumbers, squash, corn eggplants & strawberries

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parts of a flower

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photosynthesis

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DNA molecule

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gravitropism

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a plants response to gravity.
e.g. the roots of plants respond positively to gravity

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phototropism

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plants growing toward light

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vertebrates

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animals that have a back bone

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invertebrates

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animals that do NOT have a back bone

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mollusks

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a type of invertebrate that has developed a hard shell

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exoskeletons

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invertebrates that have a tough coating made of chitin on the outside of their bodies

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anthropods

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have jointed legs & a segmented body.
e.g. spiders (arachnids), centipedes & millipedes
e.g. insects such as beetles & butterflies

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crustaceans

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are anthropods
e.g. shrimp, lobsters & crabs

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herbivores

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animals that eat primarily plants

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carnivores

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animals that feed mostly on meat

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omnivores

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eat both plants & meat.
e.g. humans

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canine teeth

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are sharp.

meat eaters have jaws & teeth that are designed for tearing & crushing

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molars

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have a flattened surface for grinding

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cold-blooded

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its body temperature follows or matches the external temperature around it

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warm-blooded

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can control their body temperature

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biosphere

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the sum of all the places on Earth where life can exist

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ecosystem

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collection of all the living creatures and nonliving features or conditions in a particular environment

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ecology

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the study of ecosystems-the interactions between and among these living creatures and nonliving features

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biodiversity

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the variety of life forms that exist. biodiversity tends to increase as one approaches the equator

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habitat

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a geographic area with conditions that support the continued reproduction of the species

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global warming

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resulting from sending carbon dioxide into the atmosphere that can raise temperature & affect biodiversity

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give examples of monera:

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bacteria, blue-green algae

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give examples of protista:

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plankton, algae, amoeba & protozoans

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give examples of fungi:

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mushrooms, molds, mildew, yeast, fungi

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give examples of plantae:

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angiosperms, gymnosperms, mosses, ferns

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give examples of animalia:

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sponges, worms, insects, starfish, mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, gorillas, humans

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what is the cell wall made of

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cellulose - which is not digestible by humans