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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thinking |
The mental manipulation of representations of information we encounter in our environments. |
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Analogical representations |
Mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of objects |
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Symbolic representations |
Abstract mental representations that consist of words or ideas |
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Concept |
A mental representation of objects, events, or relations around common themes. |
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Defining attribute model |
A way of thinking about concepts : A category is categorized by a list of features that determine if an object is a memory of the category. |
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Prototype model |
The way of thinking about concepts: Within each category, there is a best example-a prototype-for that category. |
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Exemplar model |
A way of thinking about concepts: All concepts in a category are examples (exemplars); together, they form the category. |
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Stereotypes |
Cognitive schemas that allows for easy, fast processing of information about people, events, or groups, based on their membership in certain groups. |
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Reasoning |
Using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable |
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Decision making |
Attempting to select the best alternative among several options |
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Problem solving |
Finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal |
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Heuristic |
A shortcut (rule of thumb or informal guideline) used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions |
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Framing |
How information is presented affects how that information is perceived and influences decisions |
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Restructuring |
Thinking about a problem in a new way in order to solve it. |
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Mental sets |
A tendency to approach a problem in the same way that has worked in the past, which may make it harder to solve a problem |
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Functional fixedness |
A tendency to think of things based on their usual functions, which may make it harder to solve a problem |
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Intelligence |
The ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, makes sense of events, solve problems, understand the complex ideas, learn quickly, in a dad to environmental challenges. |
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Intelligence quotient (IQ) |
An index of intelligence originally computed by dividing a child's estimated mental age by the child's chronological age, then multiplying the number by 100. |
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General intelligence |
The idea that one general factor underlies intelligence. |
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Fluid intelligence |
Intelligence that reflects the ability to process information, particularly in novel or complex circumstances |
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Crystallized intelligence |
Intelligence that reflects both the knowledge a person acquires through experience in the ability to use that knowledge |
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multiple intelligences |
The idea that people have many different types of intelligence that are independent of one another |
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Triarchic theory |
The idea that people have three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical. |
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Reliability |
How consistently a psychometric test produces similar results each time it is used. |
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Validity |
How well a psychometric test measures what it is intended to measure |
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Achievement test |
A psychometric test that is designed to test what knowledge and skills a person has learned |
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Aptitude test |
A psychometric test that is designed to test a person's ability to learn-that is, the person's future performance |
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Mental age |
An assessment of a child's intellectual standing compared with that of same age peers; determined by comparing the child's test score with the average score for children of each chronological age |
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Stereotype threat |
Apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to a person's own group. |
