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61 Cards in this Set
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The study of matter and the changes that matter undergoes. |
Chemistry. |
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A set of guidelines and practices that scientists/chemists use that includes observations, hypothesis’s, experiments, theories, and further experiments. |
The scientific method. |
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What is an observation? |
Natural phenomena and measured events; if universally consistent, can be stated as a law. |
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What are the two types of observations? |
Qualitative and quantitative. |
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What is a qualitative observation? |
Data consisting of general observation about the system. |
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What is a quantitative observation? |
Data comprising numbers obtained by various measurements of the system. |
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What is a hypothesis? |
Tentative explanation that explains observations. |
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What is an experiment? |
Procedure to test hypothesis; measures one variable at a time. |
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What is a theory (model)? |
Set of conceptual assumptions that explains data from accumulated experiments; predicts related phenomena. |
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What is a further experiment? |
Tests predictions based on model. |
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Anything that has mass and volume. |
Matter. |
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A form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition and distinct properties, such as color, smell, and taste. |
Pure substance. |
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Pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. |
Element. |
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2 or more elements combined to create a new substance in fixed proportions. |
Compound. |
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Combination of 2 or more substances that can be separated by physical means. |
Mixture. |
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What are the two types of mixtures? |
Homogenous and heterogenous. |
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What is a homogenous mixture? |
Composition is uniform throughout. ex. salt water |
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What is a heterogenous mixture? |
Composition of 2 or more substances is distinct or discernible-not uniform. ex. oil and water |
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What are the states of matter? |
Solid, liquid, and gas. |
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If matter has a definite shape and volume (rigid position of molecules), then it is in which state? |
Solid. |
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If matter has a dependent shape and definite volume (molecules freer to move), then it is in which state? |
Liquid. |
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If matter has a dependent shape and volume (fills entire container), then it is in which state? |
Gas. |
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Processes used to separate mixtures physically through filtration, distillation, chromatography, melting/freezing, boiling/condensation, etc. |
Physical process. |
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What is a quantitative property of matter? |
Measured and expressed with a number. ex. how many, mass.... |
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What is a qualitative property of matter? |
Not requiring explicit measurement. ex. color, soft.... |
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What is a physical property of matter? |
Property that can be observed and measured without changing the identity of a substance. ex. b.p., f.p., m.p. |
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What is a chemical property of matter? |
Any property of a substance that cannot be studied without converting the substance into some other substance. ex. iron rusts when exposed to air-undergoes oxidation. |
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What is a chemical change? |
One or more substances changes into one or more new substances. |
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What is a chemical change? |
One or more substances changes into one or more new substances. |
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What is a chemical process? |
Process where the identity of matter changes. ex. creating water from hydrogen and oxygen or seeing rust form. |
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What is an extensive property of matter? |
Depends if the amount of matter involved. ex. mass, volume, or additive properties. Additive property. ex. 2 pennies mass = sum of each penny |
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What is mass? |
A measure of the amount of matter in an object or sample. SI unit is kg or kilogram but gram is more often used in chemistry. |
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What is a derived unit? |
Measurement of space and object occupies — SI unit is m^3 or meter cubed but the more common unit used in chemistry is liter (L) or milliliter (mL). 1 dm^3 = 1 L |
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What is density? |
The mass per unit volume. D = mass/volume units are g/mL or g/cm^3. |
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What are intensive properties? |
Does NOT depend on the amount of matter involved. ex. color, density (bc it is a ratio of m/v), temperature. Not additive. |
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What is the unit and symbol for the base quantity, length? |
Meter and m |
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What is the unit and symbol for the base quantity, mass? |
Kilogram and kg |
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What is the unit and symbol for the base quantity, amount of substance? |
Mole and mol |
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What is the SI unit symbol and meaning for the prefix, Kilo? |
k and 1x10^3 |
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What is the SI unit symbol and meaning for the prefix, centi? |
c and 1x10^-2 |
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What is the SI unit symbol and meaning for the prefix, milli? |
m and 1x10^-3 |
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Measure of the amount of matter present. A way to measure an object’s ______ is to measure the force it takes to accelerate the object, Force = ________ (_) x acceleration (a). |
Mass. |
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The force that gravity exerts on an object.What i |
Weight. |
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N x 10^n all numbers can be expressed in this notation where N is a number between 1 and 10 and n, the exponent, is a positive or negative integer (whole number). |
Scientific notation. |
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What are exact numbers? |
Numbers with defined values or obtained by counting (infinite number of significant figures). ex. 2.54 cm = 1 in |
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What is temperature? |
How hot or cold an object is and measured using degrees Celsius or Kelvin. |
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What are i exact numbers? |
Numbers measured by any other means than counting. Set number of significant figures limited by measuring device. Needs to be well calibrated and have good resolution with a consistent person who measures the same. |
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What are significant figures? |
Inexact numbers or measurements—the meaningful digits in a measured or calculated number. All the certain digits + 1 uncertain digit- or estimated digit. |
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What are the rule of significant figures? |
1. Any digit that is not a zero is significant. 2. Zeros located between nonzero digits are significant. 3. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. 4. Zeros to the right of the last nonzero digit are significant if the number contains a decimal point. 5. Zeros to the right of the last nonzero digit in a number that does NOT contain a decimal point may or may not be significant. |
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The closeness of a measurement to the true or accepted value. |
Accuracy. |
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The closeness of agreement of 2 or more measurements of the same quantity. |
Precision. |
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A fraction in which the same quantity is expressed one way in the numerator and another way in the denominator. |
Conversion factor. |
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What is dimensional analysis? |
Using conversion factors in problem solving or the “factor-label method.” |
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The SI base unit of temperature which is the absolute temperature scale meaning that zero on the __________ scale is the lowest temperature that can be attained theoretically. Temperature in _________ can never be negative. |
Kelvin. |
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What is the formula for density? |
Density is mass/volume. |
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What is the formula for Kelvin? |
K=°C + 273.15 |
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What is the formula for Fahrenheit? |
°F= 9°F/5°C(°C) + 32°F |
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What is the formula for Celsius? |
C°=5°C/9°F (°F - 32°F) |
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What is the macroscopic property of scientific measurement? |
Measurements determined directly with measuring devices. |
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What is the microscopic property of scientific measurement? |
Measurements determined on the atomic or molecular scale by an indirect method. |
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What is the International System of Units (SI units)? |
Units based on the metric system—which is a base 10 model. |
