Gene Expression And Human Genetics

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Gene Expression

Back 1

Turning on genes for transcription

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Genome

Back 2

Complete genetic material in an indivisual

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Operon

Back 3

Series of genes

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Lac operon

Back 4

entire segment of DNA

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genome

Back 5

complete genetic material in an indivisual

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structural gene

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(1,2,3) genes on lac operon that code for amino acids

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Operator

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Inhibits transcription. Stops RNA polymerase from moving; on/off switch

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Promoter

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initiates transcription. DNA segment; RNA polymerase goes on it to be able to move

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Repressor Protein

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Coded by regulator protein; blocks advancement of RNA polymerase

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inducer

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Lactose

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Intron

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transcribed but not translated

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Extrons

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Transcribed and translated

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Cell differentition

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cells with specialized functions

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Homeotic genes

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control where which organs grow

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Homeobox

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DNA sequence of homeotic gene

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proto-oncogenes

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cell growth and division

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oncogenes

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mutated proto-oncogenes

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tumor

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over growing of cells

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cancer

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uncontrolled growth of cells

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Tumor-suppressor genes

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control production of cell division

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Metastasis

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Spread of cancer to other tissues

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Carcinogen

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any substance that induces cancer

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Carcinomas

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cancer in the skin and tissues that line organs

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sarcomas

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cancer in the bone and muscle tissue

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Lymphomas

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Solid tumors that grow in tissue

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Leukemia

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overgrowth of white blood cells

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Sex chromosomes

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Determine sex

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Autosomes

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All chromosomes except sex chromosomes

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sex-linked trait

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gene on sex chromosome

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X-linked trait

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Gene on X chromosome

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Y-linked trait

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Gene on Y chromosome

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Mutation: Germ-cell

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Only shows in offspring. occurs in gametes

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Mutation: Somatic-cell

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Take place in the body cells and affects the organism an are not inherited

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Lethal mutations

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cause death

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Chromosome Mutation: Deletion

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When part of chromosome gets deleted

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Chromosome Mutation: Inversion

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When part of chromosome breaks off and reattaches

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Chromosome Mutation: Translocation

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When part of chromosome goes to a nonhomologous pair

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Chromosome Mutation: Nondisjunction

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Extra chromosome that causes down syndrome

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Gene Mutations: Point mutation

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Addition or removal of a single nucleotide

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Gene Mutations: Substitution

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When one nucleotide replaces another

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Gene: Frameshift/insertion mutation

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One nucleotide is off

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Polygenic characters

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influenced by several genes

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Complex characters

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influenced by several genes and outside factors

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Amniocentesis

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14 to 16 weeks when they take fluid out of the fetus

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chorionic villi sampling

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take tissue out of the fetus to form a karyotype

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Gene Therapy

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Replacing a defective gene with a healthy one