Gene Expression And Control (Ch 10)

Front 1

Is Ricin a Potential weapon of bioterrorism

Back 1

Yes

Front 2

What is the derivitive of Ricin

Back 2

Castor beans

Front 3

How does Ricin work

Back 3

binds to ribosomes and disrupts protein synthesis

Front 4

Define Transcription

Back 4

Is when RNA moves into the cytoplasm

Front 5

How long does it take for Ricin to kill someone?

Back 5

36-48 hours

Front 6

Where does Transcription occur

Back 6

the nucleus

Front 7

Define Translation

Back 7

RNA is translated to form polypeptide chains which fold to become proteins

Front 8

What is the steps for DNA to bcome Proteins

Back 8

DNA transcription to RNA translation to Protein

Front 9

Define Messenger RNA

Back 9

Carries protein- building instuction

Front 10

Define Ribosomal RNA

Back 10

Major component of Ribosomes

Front 11

Define Transfer RNA

Back 11

delivers amino acids to ribosomes

Front 12

What does Transcription do like DNA replication

Back 12

Nucleotides added in one direction

Front 13

What does Transcription do Unlike DNA replication

Back 13

Only small section is template
RNA polymerase catalyzes nucletide addition
Product is a single strand of RNA

Front 14

What is A replaced by in RNA compared to DNA

Back 14

In RNA A is replaced by U

Front 15

Define Promoter

Back 15

a base sequence in the DNA that signals the start of a gene

Front 16

What must first occur for transcription to occur

Back 16

RNA polymerase must first bind to a promoter.

Front 17

What does the poly-A tail determin

Back 17

How long the RNA will last

Front 18

How many base triplets are in a Genetic Code

Back 18

64 base triplets

Front 19

How many Specify amino acids are in a Genetic Code

Back 19

61 amino acids

Front 20

What are the sub units of a Rivosomes

Back 20

Small and large

Front 21

What are the 3 stages of Translation

Back 21

Initiation, Elongation, and Termination.

Front 22

What happens in the Initiation stage of Translation

Back 22

Initiator tRNA binds to small ribosomal subunit.
Small sumunot/tRNA complex attaches to mRNA and moves alonf it to a start codon.
Finaly the Large ribosomal subunit joins complex

Front 23

What happens in the Elongation stage of Translation

Back 23

mRNA passes through ribosomal subunits
tRNAs deliver amino acids to the ribosomal binding site in the order specified by mRNA.
Peptide bonds from between amino acids and the polypeptide chain grows.

Front 24

What happens in the Termination stage of Translation

Back 24

A stop codon moves into place.
NotRNA with anticodon.
Release factors bind to the Ribosome.
mRNA and polypeptide are released.

Front 25

What happens to New polypeptides?

Back 25

some enter the cytoplasm.
many enter the endoplasmic reticulum and move through the cytomembrane system where they are modified.

Front 26

What are the 3 steps of Gene Mutations

Back 26

base-pair substitutions, insertions, and deletions

Front 27

What happens during the base-pair substitution step of gene mutation?

Back 27

Proodreading occurs and changes any mistakes in the translation proces

Front 28

Define Insertion

Back 28

extra base added into gene region

Front 29

define Deletion

Back 29

baseremoved from gene region

Front 30

Define Transposons

Back 30

DNA segments that move spontaneously about te genome.
When they insert into a gene region, they usually inactive that gene.

Front 31

What causes Mutations

Back 31

Each gene has a characteristic mutation rate.

Front 32

What increasses Mutations

Back 32

Natural and synthetic chemicals and radiation.

Front 33

Mutations that arise in what cell can pass on to the next generation?

Back 33

Germ Cells

Front 34

What do gene cells ecpresses depend upon

Back 34

type of cell, internal chemical conditions, extrenal signals, and built-in control systwms

Front 35

That are Mechanisms of Gene Control?

Back 35

transcription, transcript-processing controls, controls over translation, and post-translation controls

Front 36

Define Negative control mechanisms

Back 36

regulatory proteins slow down or limit gene activity

Front 37

Define Positive control mechanisms

Back 37

regulatory proteins promote or enhance gene activity

Front 38

What is the difference in Prokaryotes Gene control?

Back 38

No nucleus sparates DNA from ribosomes in cytoplasm.
When nutrient suppy is high, transcription is fast.
Translation occurs even before mRNA transcripts are finished

Front 39

What happens when Lactose is Low

Back 39

Repressor binds to operator, binding blocks promoter, and transcription is blocked

Front 40

What are the controls in Eukaryotic cell?

Back 40

transcription controls, transcrip-processing controls, controls over translation, and controls following translation

Front 41

What percentage of genes does a cell normally use?

Back 41

5-10%

Front 42

Where does cell differentiation start

Back 42

The embryo

Front 43

Define Homeotic Genes

Back 43

Master genes that guide development of body parts