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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chromosomes |
Y chromosome carries SRY which causes androgens to be produced and the child to become a boy |
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Evidence for hormones? |
Dabbs high testosterone in more violent criminals |
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Contradictory evidence for role of hormones |
Tricker placebo - no significant differences in aggression |
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PMS |
Oestrogen - has been used to get off murder charges - feminist psychs say it is a social construct to dismiss women's emotions |
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Klinefelters |
1/1000 XXY - poor language skills , shy and low sex drive |
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Turners |
1/5000 XO webbed neck shield chest - immature appearance and socially immature but good readers |
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Atypical sex chromosomes - nature nurture? |
Directly backs biological explanations - but do they act differently because they are treated differently? |
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Maccoby and Jacklin |
More variation within gender than between them - males and females are becoming more androgenous |
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Kohlberg's theory |
Identify 2 - stability 4 - constancy 6 role models |
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Kohlberg's and other approaches |
SLT - support idea of role models / however b's resist opposite sex activity more than g's (cultural) BIO- maturational basis , stages influenced by changes in brain , evidence suggests universality (Munroe) |
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Cognitive explanation for gender development |
Children's understanding increases with age - children actively structure their learning rather than passively learn (SLT) |
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Gender schema theory |
Once the child has established gender identity (2-3) they actively seek out information in the environment which encourages their gender schemas to develop - by 6 the child has acquired a fixed idea of gender - by 8 they have schemas for both genders |
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Evidence for gst |
Martin et al children under 6 more likely to forget gender inconsistent behaviour - also explanatory power as children show strong in group bias and stereotyped gender roles -practical application, changing Disney (brave) or education |
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Negatives of gst |
-Ignoring other factors (bio / social factors) doesn't explain WHY -suggests gender roles could be changed by changing schemas e.g married couples with equal ideas don't change behaviour |
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Margaret mead |
Arapesh - feminine Mundugumor- masculine Tchambuli - reversed roles |
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Mead criticisms (Samoa) |
Observer bias , didn't spend long enough there Imposed Etic Nature/nurture |
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Media and gender |
-provides role models, reinforces gender appropriate behaviour -media provides stereotypes -vicarious reinforcement of gender roles |
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Evidence of media impact on gender |
Notel, unitel and multitel Canada 60's Stereotypes increased over 2 years |
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Criticisms of media influence on gender |
Correlation not causation - media may just reflect social norms - counter stereotypes (wonder woman & brave) |
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Gender identity disorder |
Some people experience a mismatch between their biological sex and sex they 'feel' this causes stress and discomfort Many identify as trans and opt for surgery |
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Biological explanation of GID |
Area of the brain (bstc) is 40% larger in males - post mortem shows m-f trans have smaller bstc Genetic theory - 39% concordance of mz twins |
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Social-psychological explanations for GID |
Psychoanalytic theory - GID males experience extreme separation anxiety and fantasize about fusing with their mothers - adopt female identity Cognitive dual pathway theory - 1 normal pathway of gender schemas & a 'personal' pathway interests become more dominant than GI and create new schema - leads to eventual GID |
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Criticisms of biological explanation for GID |
-bstc may be affected by the hormone treatment - not fully formed by 5 -twin studies - GID uncommon so samples are tiny / difficult to separate nature / nurture -over simplified |
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Evaluation of social-psychological GID explanation |
Psychoanalytic theory - only explains males , difficult to test as it subconscious level Cognitive theory - descriptive rather than explanatory |
