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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the deficit model? Whos research surrounds this? |
It argues that women’s language is lacking in some form Lakoff |
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What is the overview of Lakoff’s research? |
It was based on the observations of language of men and women |
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What was lakoffs research and findings? |
She identified that women used boosting devices like intonational emphasis, eg the intensifiers ‘so’ and ‘very’ as they believe they will not be heard. Also the use of hedging devices like the empty adjectives ‘divine’ and ‘adorable’ that reveals women’s lack of confidence in their language use |
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What challenged lakoffs research? |
Holmes suggested that not all so called WLFs are weak. For example, tag questions can be used for many different reasons including model tags to request information |
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What is the dominance model? Whos research surrounds this? |
Suggests the language of men is more dominant and holds more power Fishman |
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What is the overview of fishmans research |
She implies that women do all the conversational ‘shitwork’ like asking more questions, minimal responses and topic initiation |
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What was fishmans research and findings |
Couples were given a tape that recorded 1-4 hours of their conversations. It was found that women ask 3x the questions and use supportive minimal responses. Concluding that women are dominated in language due to societal pressure and patriarchy |
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What challenges fishmans research |
She only used 3 white, middle class, heterosexual couples so her research was limited and only could not be applied to any different circumstance |
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What is the difference model? Whos research surrounds this? |
Suggests that the language of men and women is simply different due to their biological sex Pilkinton |
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What is an overview of pilkintons research |
She contrasted the interactions of all male and all female participants |
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What was pilkintons research and findings |
It was done in two bakeries and she found that men use long pauses, challenge others, argue and criticise one another about topics, overall competitive. Women were more cooperative and used coherent talk wi to supportive feedback, eg using facilitative tags, hedges and boosters. |
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What challenges pilkintons research |
She used a small sample size and demographics of white, middle class, heterosexual couples so her results are not generalisable to wider society |
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What is the diversity model Whos research surrounds this |
It implies that sex and gender are different things and that biological sec does not influence language use O’barr and Atkins |
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What is an overview of o’barr and atkins research |
They looked at transcripts of 150 hours of criminal court trials |
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What is the research and findings of o’barr and atkins research |
They scored each witness by dividing the number of women’s language features used by number of utterances. The scores varied from 1.39 to 0.18. They found that the use of WL features does not correlate with the speakers gender in this context. ( some females used very few whilst come males used many) |
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What is a limitation to o’barr and atkins research |
Research was done in 1980s when women had less power compared to the recent. They also did not question lakoffs assumption that wl features reveals powerlessness and many of these features can actually be powerful |
