Gaseous Exchange

Front 1

Why is oxygen necessary

Back 1

All animals need to find a way of releasing the energy that is locked in the food they have eaten and digested since we acquired this energy for various things we do the process which in which energy is released is called cellular respiration cellular respiration requires oxygen to occur without oxygen will not be able to use the energy that is within the food that we eat

Front 2

Why is gaseous exchange necessary

Back 2

We need gaseous exchange for two reasons

firstly it ensures that the oxygen that we breathe in from the air is passed through to the cells that need it for cellular respiration

the second reason is that carbon dioxide is produced as a byproduct carbon dioxide cannot be allowed to accumulate in the body as it is toxic for humans it can accumulate to form carbonic acid which reduces PH and can affect the action of enzymes that are sensitive to changes in pH gaseous exchange bring carbon dioxide to the surface to be eliminated

Front 3

Requirements for an efficient gaseous exchange system

Back 3

1.The surface area must be large to allow for maximum intake of O2 and release of CO2 -large number of alveoli in the lungs

2.the surface area must be moist to prevent desiccation- there is a thin film of water on the inner surface of the lungs

3. Surface area must be thin to allow for rapid diffusion of gases across - there's only one layer of squamous epithelium around the alveolus

4. an efficient transport system must be in close proximity to the gaseous exchange surface for the transport of gases-alveoli are richly supllied with blood capillaries

5.there should be an adequate ventilating mechanism present to ensure the constant intake of O2 and removal of CO2 -diaphragm and intercostal muscles provide this

6.the gaseous exchange surface must be protected as the lung tissue is delicate- thoracic cage protects

Front 4

The differences between cellular respiration breathing and gaseous exchange

Back 4

Cellular respiration is a chemical process where glucose is broken down to release energy

breathing is a mechanical process that involves inhalation and exhalation we're sitting in and out of the lungs

gaseous exchange is a physical process involving diffusion

Front 5

Which parts make up the air passages

Back 5

The nostrils the nasal passages the trachea the bronchi and the bronchioles

Front 6

What is the function of the hairs in the nostrils

Back 6

They remove dust from the inhaled air

Front 7

What are the nasal passages lined with

Back 7

By ciliated columnar epithelial cells with goblet cells

Front 8

What is the purpose of mucus in the nasal passages

Back 8

To trap dust and germs

Front 9

What is the function of the epiglottis

Back 9

Closest the opening leading to the trachea during swallowing to prevent choking

Front 10

In which part of the vocal cords

Back 10

In the larynx

Front 11

How is the trachea strengthened

Back 11

A c shaped cartilaginous rings

Front 12

What is the purpose of function of the c shaped cartilaginous rings

Back 12

They keep the trachea open at all times and allow the oesophagus to swell and project into the trachea when food passes through the oesophagus

Front 13

How are the air passages adapted to perform their function

Back 13

The hairs in the nostrils remove dust from that's from The Air that enters

the nasal passages are lined with ciliated columnar tissue to secrete mucus that traps dust and germs

cartilaginous rings around the trachea keep the trachea and bronchi open at all times

the c shaped cartilaginous rings a shape with an incomplete portion of the cartilage in contact with the oesophagus to pre choking

Front 14

what enters or exits the hilum of the lungs

Back 14

The pulmonary artery and the pulmonary veins as well as the bronchi

Front 15

What is the pleura

Back 15

A double membrane that covers the outside of the lungs and the inside of the thoracic cavity

Front 16

What are the walls of the alveoli made of

Back 16

A single layer of squamous epithelium

Front 17

Where do the capillaries around the alveoli come from

Back 17

The pulmonary artery breaks into smaller arterioles that give rise to the capillaries around the alveoli

Front 18

What do the capillaries around the alveoli later unite to form

Back 18

Venules

Front 19

What are the adaptation of the alveoli/ blood/ capillaries for their function

Back 19

Alveoli lobed increase surface area

Lined with single layer squamous epithelium provide thin surface area for diffusion

Alveoli richly supplied with blood capillaries for transport of oxygen to the tissues and CO2 to the lungs a

Capillaries lined with single layer of Endothelium thin surface area

Capillary has a narrow opening so blood cells enter as a single file to absorb oxygen

Blood contains haemoglobin for transport of oxygen to the tissues

Red blood cells are biconcave discs to increase surface area of absorption of oxygen

Front 20

What happens to breathing as a result of physical activity

Back 20

Medulla oblongata is stimulated

Sends impulses to the heart to pump more blood faster and to the breathing muscles to speed up breathing movements or inhalation and exhalation.

Carbon dioxide is removed more quickly and oxygen is taken in faster

Level of oxygen and co2 return to normal

Front 21

Gaseous exchange at the lungs

Back 21

Blood in the capillaries around the alveoli has high concentration of CO2

Alveolus has low concentration of CO2

Dissolved co2 dissolves through endothelial wall and squamous epithelial layer into alveoli

Blood in capillaries has low concentration of o2

O2 dissolves in the film of water lining alveoli and diffuses through the capillaries

Same thing happens

Front 22

How is oxygen transported

Back 22

Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin

Some of it goes into the blood plasma

Front 23

Gas exchange at the tissues

Back 23

Blood in capillary network has a high concentration of o2 in oxyhemoglobin

Oxyhemoglobin break into o2 and haemoglobin

O2 diffuses through into tissue and into cells

Cells have hight concentration of co2 than tissue and capillaries

Oxygen diffuses into tissues and into capillaries

Front 24

How is carbon dioxide transported

Back 24

Reacts with water to form carbonic acid and then bicarbonate ions

Some dissolves in blood plasma

Some forms car haemoglobin

Front 25

How is mountain climber able to breathe

Back 25

Carries a supply of oxygen

Or

The body increases red blood cell production increasing oxygen carrying capacity

They will breathore deeply and quickly.

Front 26

Allergic reaction to pollen or fist or feathers

Back 26

Asthma

Front 27

Symptoms of asthma

Back 27

Breathlessness

cough

Wheezing chest

Front 28

Pollen grains and spores irritate mucus membrane

Back 28

Hay fever

Front 29

Symptoms of hay fever

Back 29

Sneezing

Runny nose

Blocked nose

Itchy watery eyes

Itchy nose

Front 30

Disease accosiated with smoking

Back 30

Lung cancer

Front 31

Scar tissue in the lung caused by bacteria

Back 31

Tb

Front 32

Symptoms of tb

Back 32

Blood in sputum

Coughing

Loss of appetite

Short breath

Tiredness

Front 33

Symptoms of lung cancer

Back 33

Blood in sputum

Short breath

Front 34

Inflammation of mucus membrane

Back 34

Bronchitis

Front 35

Symptoms of bronchitis

Back 35

Cough with phlegm and fever

Front 36

When alveoli lose elasticity

Back 36

Emphysema

Front 37

Symptoms of emphysema

Back 37

Short breath

Think sticky sputum from cought

Wheezing

Front 38

What causes tb

Back 38

Myobacterium