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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Clinical Implications for Veins
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1.Venipuncture
2. Cardiac puncture 3. Arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis 4. Antihypertensive drugs |
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Venipuncture
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-drawing bood from a vein
-can use any vein that is large enough to insert a catheter into |
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Cardiac Puncture
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-inserting a catheter into the heart to measure pressures
-usually go through subclavian but can use vein in forearm if the person is too fat to go through the neck |
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Arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis
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-need a big vein to draw blood from, clean it out, and return it back to the body for dialysis
-achieved by cutting cephalic vein and either ulnar or radial artery and creating a loop from them -PROBLEM: arterial blood enters venous blood flow so the patient gets huge veins that pulsate strongly |
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Antihypertensive drugs
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-dilate veins of upper and lower limbs to reduce pressure in arteries and heart
-red wine can have this same effect by dilating veins |
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Proximal and Distal Radioulnar Joints
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-together with the interosseus membrane, these joints pronate and supinate the forearm
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Radiocarpal joint
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-articulation of distal part of radius with scaphoid and carpal bones of wrist
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Line of Weight and Line of Rotation
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-important to biomechanics
-when placing a cast, you must consider both lines so that the arm won't rotate inside the cast |
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Joints of the Wrist/Hand
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1. Intercarpal
2. Carpometacarpal 3. Metacarpophalangeal 4. Interphalangeal |
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Intercarpal Joints
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-Joints between carpals
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Carpometacarpal Joints
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-joint between carpal bones and metacarpals
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Metacarpophalangeal Joints
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-joint between metacarpals and phalanges
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Interphalangeal Joints
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-joints between the bones of the phalanges
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Carpal Bones (proximal row-distal row, lateral to medial)
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1. Scaphoid
2. Lunate 3. Triquetrium 4. Pisiform 5. Trapezium 6. Trapezoid 7. Capitate 8. Hamate |
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Which carpal bone has a small hook on the side?
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Hamate --> Hook of Hamate
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Hook of Hamate
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-small hook on side of hamate carpal bone
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Pneumonic for carpal bones
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"Some Lovers Tri Positions That They Can't Handle"
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What type of joint is the wrist?
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-condyloid type synovial
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What carpal bone in the proximal row does the distal end of the radius NOT articulate with?
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-pisiform (sesamoid)
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What do ligaments inside the wrist joint do?
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-reinforce articulation of carpal bones and distal end of radius
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Ligaments inside the wrist joint
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1. Palmar Radiocarpal
2. Dorsal Radiocarpal 3. Ulnar Collateral 4. Radial Collateral |
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Colles Fracture
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-distal end of radius displaced posteriorly
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Reverse Colles Fracture
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-distal end of radius displaced anteriorly
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Fracture of Scaphoid
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-commonly occurs when one extends the palms to brace the body against a fall
-when this happens, the entire weight of the body is transmitted through the scaphoid bone |
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What two carpal bones articulate with the radius?
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Scaphoid and Lunate
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Pronator Teres
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-runs from medial epicondyle to upper 1/3 of radius
-pronates forearm -supplied by median nerve |
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU)
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-flexes the wrist at the ulnar side
-runs from medial epicondyle to pisiform and Hook of Hamate |
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Palmaris Longus
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-absent in 15-20% of pop.
-median nerve is posterior and medial to this muscle -Iatrogenic injuries happen when median nerve is cut under the assumption that the patient has a palmaris longus muscle to shield it -distal attachment is palmar aponeurosis |
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
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-flexes the fingers
-has 4 tendons that go to the middle phalanges -responsible for a strong grip |
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Flexor Carpi Radialis
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-flexes wrist on radial side
-attaches from second metacarpal |
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Flexor Digitorum Profundis (FDP)
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-attaches to distal phalanges
-responsible for slow motion of distal parts of finger |
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Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL)
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-flexes thumb
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Pronator Quadratus
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-responsible for pronation of forearm
-supplied by median nerve via anterior interosseus nerve |
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4 Muscles of Pronation and Supination of Forearm
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1. Pronator Teres (pronates)
2. Pronator quadratus (pronates) 3. Biceps brachii (supinates) 4. Supinator (supinates) |
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Biceps brachii
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-supplied by musculocutaneous nerve
-major supinator during flexion -if biceps are lost, you can still flex forearm using brachialis and brachialradialis |
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Supinator
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-supplied by deep radial nerve
-supinates forearm |
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Antebrachial Fascia
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-strong connective tissue that creates anterior and posterior compartments of forearm and encircles the muscles
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Interosseus Membrane
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connective tissue connecting radius and ulna
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Median Nerve in Forearm
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-has lateral and medial cords
-no branches in arm -crosses anterior to elbow -SUPPLIES ALL SUPERFICIAL FLEXORS EXCEPT CARPI ULNARIS AND 4TH AND 5TH BRANCHES OF FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS |
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Anterior Interosseus Branch of Median Nerve
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-supplies pronator quadratus, Flexor Pollicis Longus, Flexor Digitorum Profundis 1st and 2nd
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Ulnar Nerve in Forearm
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-extends from medial cord
-crosses behind elbow -runs under Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and ulnar half of Flexor Digitorum Profundis |
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What nerve innervates the extensors of the forearm?
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Radial nerve
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What condition is seen if the radial nerve is damaged?
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Wrist drop
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Three groups of muscles that extend, abduct, and adduct the forearm
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1. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
2. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis 3. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris |
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Where does Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis attach?
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second metacarpal
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Muscles of the Forearm that Extend the medial four fingers
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1. Extensor Digitorum
2. Extensor Indicis 3. Extensor Digiti Minimi |
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Extensor Digitorum
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-extends the medial 4 fingers
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Extensor Indicis
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-deep extensor
-used for pointing and extension of the index finger -located at deep surface of compartment |
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Extensor Digiti Minimi
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-gives pinky free rotation similar to index finger
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Muscles that Extend of Abduct the Thumb
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1. Abductor Pollicis Longus
2. Extensor Pollicis Brevis 3. Extensor Pollicis Longus |
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The brachioradialis belongs to the ______ compartment but is really a _______ muscle.
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extensor, flexor
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Extensor Reticulum and Flexor Reticulum
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-connective tissue band that goes around tendons of wrist joint
-keeps the tendons from pulling out during times of weighted stress |
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Synovial Sheath
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-covers tendons and keeps them moving smoothly through extensor/flexor reticulum
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Tenosynovitis
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-infection of synovial sheath
-often caused by trauma, animal bites -treated by antibiotics and small incision for drainage -use Finkelstein's test for diagnosing |
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Anatomical Snuff Box
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-triangular area bounded by APL, EPB, and EPL
-radial artery passes through here |
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Cutaneous Innervation of Forearm
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-important for cases involving trauma
-see what areas of skin have parasthesia to determine which nerves have been damaged -also important for nerve blocks prior to sutures or surgery |
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What artery is the common interosseus artery a branch of?
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Ulnar
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From which artery of the forearm are bypass grafts often taken?
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-Radial artery
-ulnar artery has a lot of small branches and is sufficient to supply forearm with blood |
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Fasciotomy
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-procedure that cuts away fascia to releive tension
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Volkmann's Ischemic Contracture
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-compression of arteries, nerves, muscles, and tendons
-when blood supply is cut, it necroses -treatment involves fasciotomy |
