Fxn Neuro Lec 30 - Basal Ganglia

Front 1

This CNS system is concerned with the velocity and force of muscle contractions

Back 1

Corticospinal System

Front 2

What is the function of the corticospinal system?

Back 2

Execution of voluntary movements

Front 3

This system is concerned with timing of movements across different muscle groups?

Back 3

Cerebellum

Front 4

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

Back 4

Postural control & coordination of voluntary movement

Front 5

What CNS system controls motor complexity and flexibility?

Back 5

Basal Ganglia

Front 6

This CNS system is concerned with altering routine, automatic movements in response to needs or motivation?

Back 6

Basal Ganglia

Front 7

What structures are interrelated functionally but not true Basal Ganglia?

Back 7

Substantia Nigra (SN) and Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)

Front 8

What structures make up the lentiform nucleus?

Back 8

Putamen and Globus Pallidus (MPS & LPS)

Front 9

Which structures make up the Corpus Striatum?

Back 9

Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus

Front 10

Which structures make up the Striatum?

Back 10

Caudate and Putamen

Front 11

What makes up the input nuclei of basal ganglia?

Back 11

Striatum (Caudate & Putamen)

Front 12

Where do input nuclei of Basal Ganglia receive afferent from?

Back 12

Widespread CNS centers (cerebral cortex, thalamus, brain stem and related nuclei)

Front 13

Where do efferents from the striatum project to?

Back 13

The output nuclei - MPS and SNr

Front 14

What makes up the output nuclei of basal ganglia?

Back 14

The Media Pallial Segment and Substantia Nigra (MPS & SNr)

Front 15

These two pathways in the Basal Ganglia have opposite effect on movement?

Back 15

Direct and Indirect pathways

Front 16

Which pathway excites descending motor pathways to facilitate movement?

Back 16

The Direct Pathway

Front 17

Which pathway decreases the excitation of the descending motor pathways and suppresses movement?

Back 17

The Indirect Pathway

Front 18

Where is the striatum derived from embryologically?

Back 18

the Telencephalon

Front 19

What seperates the caudate and putamen?

Back 19

the internal capsule

Front 20

What are the gross features of the caudate?

Back 20

Head, body and tail, C-shaped

Front 21

Which nuclei merge with the Caudate?

Back 21

Putamen w/ head, and Amygdala w/tail

Front 22

Which neurons have long axons, Spiny or Aspiny?

Back 22

Spiny

Front 23

Which neurons release acetylcholine, Spiny or Aspiny?

Back 23

Aspiny

Front 24

What neurotransmitters do Spiny neurons release?

Back 24

GABA-Substance P and GABA-Enkephalin

Front 25

Do Spiny or Aspiny neurons provide all output to regions outside the striatum?

Back 25

Spiny Neurons

Front 26

Where do Aspiny neurons project?

Back 26

Locally, not outside striatum

Front 27

Where do you find spiny and aspiny neurons?

Back 27

Striatum (Caudate & Putamen)

Front 28

Do Spiny or Aspiny neurons receive most striatal afferents?

Back 28

Spiny Neurons

Front 29

What are the five main sources of Afferent Connections to the Striatum?

Back 29

Cerebral Cortex, Thalamus, Substantia Nigra, pars compacta, Amygdala, Dorsal Nucleus of the Raphe.

Front 30

Neurons from the cerebral cortex to Striatum use what neurotransmitter?

Back 30

Glutamate

Front 31

Neuron from the Dorsal Nucleus of the Raphe to Striatum use what neurotransmitter?

Back 31

Serotonin

Front 32

What pathway uses GABA/Substance P, Direct or Indirect?

Back 32

Direct

Front 33

What pathway uses GABA/Enkephalin, Direct or Indirect?

Back 33

Indirect

Front 34

Where does the indirect pathway project to?

Back 34

LPS

Front 35

Where does the globus pallidus derive from embryologically?

Back 35

The Diencephalon

Front 36

The internal capsule seperates the MPS from what nuclei?

Back 36

the SNr

Front 37

What are the afferent connections to the Globus Pallidus?

Back 37

Striatum and Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)

Front 38

What neurotransmitter do neurons projecting from the STN to GP use?

Back 38

Glutamate

Front 39

Efferent connections from the MPS outer part connect to where?

Back 39

VA, Vla & CM

Front 40

Efferent connections from the MPS inner part connect to where?

Back 40

VA, Vla & CM

Front 41

What is the pathway from the outer part of MPS to the thalamic nuclei?

Back 41

ansa lenticularis -> prerubral field -> thalamic fasciculus

Front 42

What is the pathway from the inner part of MPS to the thalamic nuclei?

Back 42

lenticular fasciculus -> prerubral field -> thalamic fasciculus

Front 43

What neurotransmitter do efferents from the Globus Palllidus use?

Back 43

GABA

Front 44

Where do efferents from the LPS go to?

Back 44

STN

Front 45

Cerebral cortex projections release glutamate, which excite or inhibit spiny neurons?

Back 45

Excite

Front 46

List the direct pathway and neurotransmitters

Back 46

Cerebral cortex --(glutamate, exciteitory)--> Striatum--(GABA/SupP, inhibitory)-->MPS & SNr --(GABA, inhibitory)--(?, excitatory)--> SMA

Front 47

List the indirect pathway and neurotransmitters

Back 47

Cerebral cortex --(glutamate, excitatory)--> Striatum --(GABA/ENK, inhibitory)--> LPS --(GABA, inhibitory) --> STN --(glutamate, excitatory)--> SNr & MPS --(GABA, inhibitory)--> VA/VL --(?, excitatroy)--> SMA

Front 48

What is the net effect of the indirect pathway?

Back 48

Suppression of descending motor pathways

Front 49

Where do axons from neurons in the SNc synapse?

Back 49

Striatum (Caudate & Putamen)

Front 50

Where does disinhibition occur in the indirect pathway?

Back 50

GABA/ENK on LPS (-) decreases ammt of GABA (-) on STN (disinhibition) results in STN neurons discharging more glutamate on SNr & MPS (+) which release more GABA (-) on VA/VL, less stimulation to SMA cortex. Inhibts movement.

Front 51

Where does disinhibition occur in the direct pathway?

Back 51

Spiny neurons from striatum release GABA/ SupP (-) to SNr & MPS, which release less GABA (-) to VA/VL in Thalamus, which in turn have a excitatory effect on the SMA cortex

Front 52

Where are D1 receptors located?

Back 52

on GABA-Substance P spiny neurons in the striatum

Front 53

Where are D2 receptors located?

Back 53

on GABA-Enkephalin spiny neurons in the striatum

Front 54

What three types of neurons are regulated by dopamine?

Back 54

Spiny GABA-Sup.P neurons, Spiny GABA ENK neurons, and Aspiny Ach neurons

Front 55

Dopamine increases the release of what neurotransmitter from spiny neurons?

Back 55

GABA-Substance P

Front 56

What pathway does dopamine stimulate, direct or indirect?

Back 56

Direct

Front 57

Stimulation of D2 receptors reduces the release of what neurotransmitter?

Back 57

GABA-Enkephalin

Front 58

Are Ach aspiny neurons stimulated or inhibited by dopamine?

Back 58

inhibited

Front 59

Ach aspiny neurons excite what type of spiny neuron?

Back 59

GABA-Enkephalin

Front 60

Characterized by slow vermicular movements (worm like)

Back 60

Athetosis (seen in cerebral palsy)

Front 61

Forceful flinging movements

Back 61

Ballism

Front 62

Loss of dopamine neurons results in reduction of transmission along what pathway, direct or indirect?

Back 62

Direct

Front 63

Loss of dopamine increases or decreases output of SNr and MPS?

Back 63

increases

Front 64

Tonic inhibition of thalamocortical neurons and reduced input to SMA is a result of what disease?

Back 64

Parkinson's

Front 65

Loss of GABA/ENK neurons results in what disease?

Back 65

Huntington's

Front 66

Decreased stimulation of LPS from HD results in increased or decreased activity in the indirect pathway?

Back 66

Decreased activity

Front 67

Hyperkinetic movements in HD are caused by what?

Back 67

excessive disinhibition of thalamocortical projections/ decreased inhibitory outflow from MPS & SNr

Front 68

A lesion of the subthalamic nucleus is associated with what involuntary movement disorder?

Back 68

Hemibalism

Front 69

What portion of the corpus striatum projects tot he subthalamic nucleus?

Back 69

Lateral Pallidal Segment

Front 70

What three fiber bundles form the thalamic fasciculus?

Back 70

Ansa lenticularis, lenticular fasciculus, and cerebellothalamic fibers

Front 71

Which thalamic nuclei receive pallidal efferents?

Back 71

VA, Vla & CM

Front 72

Which thalamic nuclei receive cerebellar efferents?

Back 72

VLp

Front 73

Where in the pallidum do efferents that course through the internal capsule arise?

Back 73

inner portion of MPS

Front 74

Where in the pallidum do efferents that curve under the internal capsule originate?

Back 74

Outer portion of MPS

Front 75

What type of striatal neurons (spiny or aspiny) give rise to pallidal afferents (project to MPS and LPS)?

Back 75

Spiny

Front 76

Which deep cerebellar nuclei give rise to the cerebellar efferents in the thalamic fasciculus?

Back 76

Globose, Emboliform, and Dentate

Front 77

Are cerebellar efferents in the thalamic fasciculus from the ipsilateral or contralateral side?

Back 77

Contralateral side

Front 78

What fiber tract do cerebellar efferents utilize in their course to the prerubral field?

Back 78

Superior cerebellar peduncle and its decussation

Front 79

Parkinson's disease causes a decreased function of which basal ganglia pathway, indirect or direct?

Back 79

Direct Pathway

Front 80

Huntington's disease causes a decreased function of which basal ganglia pathway, indirect or direct?

Back 80

Indirect pathway

Front 81

What is the neurotransmitter synthesized by the cells of the pars compacta?

Back 81

Dopamine

Front 82

What is the neurotransmitter synthesized by the cells of the pars reticulata?

Back 82

GABA

Front 83

What is the chief target of the pars compacta neurons?

Back 83

Striatum (spiny neurons)

Front 84

What is the chief target of the pars reticulata neurons?

Back 84

VA, Vla and DM

Front 85

Substantia nigra pars reticulata and what other nucleus constitute the chief output nuclei of the basal ganglia?

Back 85

Medial Pallidal Segment

Front 86

What type of movement disorder results from damage to GABA-Enkephalin spiny striatal neurons?

Back 86

Dyskinesias especially Huntington's chorea

Front 87

What thalamic nuclei receive nigral inputs?

Back 87

VA and VL