Fungus

Front 1

other than animals what is the most diverse group of eukaryotic organisms

Back 1

fungi

Front 2

fungi are what kind of eukaryotes

Back 2

heterotropic

Front 3

how do fungi feed

Back 3

absorption through the cell walls, (made of chitin)

Front 4

what is chitin similar to

Back 4

exoskeletons

Front 5

what is chitin reponsible for

Back 5

decomposition of plant/animal tissues

mostly under the soil

Front 6

how does fungi reproduce

Back 6

asexually and sexually, dispearse by spores

Front 7

most fungi are multicellular consiting of branched filaments of

Back 7

hyphae

Front 8

hypahe

Back 8

large surface area for absroption

Grow rapidly and branch repeatedly,

Front 9

network of branching hypahe is called

Back 9

mycelium

Front 10

Mycelia can grow

Back 10

large

Front 11

—Armillaria ostoyae

Back 11

covers over 2000 acres in theBlue Mountains of Oregon and weighs many hundreds of tons.

Front 12

fungi have life cycles that include

Back 12

haploid and diploid stages

Front 13

The nuclei in fungal hyphae

Back 13

haploid

Front 14

In fungi, the fusion of haploid cells is not immediately followed by

Back 14

the fusion of theirnuclei

Front 15

Asexual reproduction

Back 15

: haploid spores produced by mitosis

Front 16

• Sexual reproduction:

Back 16

: fusion of haploid cells to form a diploid zygote, which undergoesmeiosis as its first division.

Front 17

In most fungi, the sexual phase of the life cycle involves

Back 17

the fusion of hyphal tips ratherthan specialized reproductive cells, or gametes.

Front 18

. For mating to occur

Back 18

two hyphae grow together and release enzymes that digest theircell wall at the point of contact.

Front 19

the cell contents of

Back 19

the two hyphal cells merge, forming a single cell with two haploidnuclei.

Front 20

cytoplasmic union of two cells

Back 20

plasmogamy

Front 21

fusion of their nuclei

Back 21

(karyogamy)

Front 22

In fungi, however, the cytoplasmic union of two cells (plasmogamy) is not alwaysfollowed immediately by

Back 22

the fusion of their nuclei

Front 23

herterokaryotic stage.

Back 23

the haploid nuclei retain their independent identities

Front 24

Fruiting bodies

Back 24

Mushrooms,stinkhorns,puffballs, bracketfungi, truffles

Front 25

The multicellular fruiting bodies produced by some fungi facilitate the dispersal of

Back 25

sexually produced spores

Front 26

The spores of fungi that live in aquatic environments

Back 26

have flagella that allow them to swim

Front 27

fungi live on land, a

Back 27

their spores have no flagella.

Front 28

do fungi produce a lot of spores and why

Back 28

yes,

Front 29

how long do fungi spores remain

Back 29

few hours in some species to many years in others

Front 30

what triggers spore formation

Back 30

a shortage of resources

Front 31

how many species

Back 31

75,000 but could be 5 million

Front 32

what did they asscend from

Back 32

aquatic, unicellular,flagellatedancestors

Front 33

characters presentin familiarmushroomsaccumulatedthrough the courseof evolution:

Back 33

Chitinous cell walls2. Hyphae3. Regularly placed septa4.Complex multicellularreproductive bodies we callmushrooms.

Front 34

Chytridiomycota

Back 34

single cells with walls of chitin.

do not form a true mycelium

elongated outgrowths called rhizoidsthat penetrate into organic substrates

lack a heterokaryotic stage but form flagellatedgametes that swim through their aqueous environment

May be contributing to worldwide amphibian decline

Front 35

Zygomycota

Back 35

decomposers,specializing on dead leaves,animal feces, and food andothers live on and in plants,animals, and even other fungi

growth of myceliumand production of aerialspores

Each stalk develops asporangium that containsspores produced asexually bymitotic cell division.

sporangium can produceas many as 100,000 spores thatare dispersed by the wind.

bread mold Rhizopus

Front 36

Rhizopus

Back 36

zygomycota

black bread mold

abundant, easy to-digestcarbon compounds, such as bread, ripe fruits,and the dung of herbivorous animals.

Front 37

Glomeromycota

Back 37

low diversity

occur in association with plant roots.

Endomycorrhizae

Front 38

Endomycorrhizae

Back 38

live within plant roots to increase nutrientavailability; relationship changed the course of evolution for bothparticipants.

vascular plant species that harbor endomycorrhizaedramatically increase their nutrient uptake form the soil

Front 39

Dikarya,

Back 39

98%

mitotic division isaccompanied by theformation of a newseptum.

edible mushrooms; the yeastspecies used in the production of beer,bread, and cheese; the major wood-rottingfungi; and pathogens of both crops andhumans.

Front 40

mitotic division isaccompanied by theformation of a newseptum

Back 40

Allows them tocontrol the numberof nuclei withineach cell and thusto proliferate in thedikaryotic state.

Front 41

Basidomycota

Back 41

club fungi

mushrooms

Mycelium under ground, hyphae join to form stalk/cap

Under cap, gills contain basidia cells

Sexual reproduction in basidia, produce basidiospores

Front 42

Smut fungi infect

Back 42

reproductive tissues ofgrasses and related plants.

Front 43

Ustilago maydis

Back 43

the corn smut, turns developingcorn kernels into soft gray masses that are aculinary delicacy in Mexico.

Front 44

UG99

Back 44

Puccinia graminis, theblack stem rust of wheat—devastating to crops

Norman Borlaug’s breeding efforts led toresistant wheat varieties —until the appearanceof Ug99—capable of defeating all majorresistance genes.

Shows every sign of spreading (a singlehectare of infected wheat producesupward of a billion spores)

Currently devastates wheat production inKenya, Yemen, Iran, South Africa, etc.

Plant breeders are actively searching ancestralwheat varieties for genetic sources ofresistance to Ug99

Front 45

Ascomycota

Back 45

sac fungi

• Characterized by cup-like reproductivestructure: ascus

• Asexual reproduction on conidiophores(via conidia/conidiospores)

Fungi Imperfecti

yeast

Front 46

acus

Back 46

sexual reproduction

Front 47

Fungi Imperfecti:

Back 47

unable to reproduce sexually

Front 48

yeast

Back 48

are single-celled fungifound in moist, nutrient-richenvironments.

Front 49

yeast divide by

Back 49

budding; asmall outgrowth increases in sizeand eventually breaks off to forma new cell.

Front 50

the outgrowth in budding is similar to

Back 50

growth by elongation at hyphaltips.

Front 51

where are yeast common

Back 51

surfaceof plants, and to a lesser extent onthe surfaces and in the gut ofanimals.

Front 52

humans and yeast

Back 52

long used yeast toferment plant carbohydrates toproduce leavened bread andalcoholic beverages.

Front 53

Ascomycete Influence on an Ant

Back 53

spores infect the ant, growing hyphae inside their bodies and killing the ant

fruiting bodies released from dead ants head to dispearse spores

experience convulsions and wander erratically

final act- bite into leaves and die

Front 54

lichens

Back 54

stable associations between a fungus and a photosyntheticmicroorganism, usually green algae or a cyanobacterium.

Can inhabit harsh environment

Front 55

harsh enviroments and lichens

Back 55

—grow slowly, have a high tolerance fordessication, and can tolerate wide fluctuations in temperature and light.Also sensitive to air pollution, particularly sulfur dioxide,

Front 56

linchen growth can be an indicator of

Back 56

industrialpollution.

Front 57

Lichen Anatomy

Back 57

fungalhyphae

Photosyntheticalgal orcyanobacterialcells

The two partners exchange nutrients through fungal hyphae that tightly encircleor even penetrate the walls of the photosynthetic cells

lichens are able to thrive at sites where neither partner could exist onits own.

Front 58

fungal hyphae in linchens

Back 58

take up waterand nutrientsfrom the soil.

Front 59

linches reproduction

Back 59

asexually, fragmentation or through the formationof dispersal units consisting of a singlephotosynthetic cell surrounded byhyphae.

Front 60

photosynthetic cells in linchens reproduce

Back 60

asexually by mitotic cell division.

Front 61

Ectomycorrhizae

Back 61

Symbiotic Relationship betweenAscomycete or Basiodiomycete andplant roots

Dramatically expands access tonutrients and water