Fungi

Front 1

Life on earth would not exist (as we know it) without ______

Back 1

fungi

Front 2

What are fungi critical for?

Back 2

1. Proper plant root function

2. Breaking down dead organic material into simple compounds that plants can absorb

Front 3

What are fungi extremely beneficial?

Back 3

Decompose dead organisms - recycle nutrients

90% of plants form mycorrhizae - fungal associations with roots helps absorb water and minerals

Front 4

Fungi have evolved unique modes of _____

Back 4

dispersal

Front 5

What is the most explosive organism on earth?

Back 5

Pilobolus

Front 6

Fungi is used for ____ or in the manufacture of ____

Back 6

food

food

Front 7

What are some foods made with fungi?

Back 7

Bread, some cheeses, alcoholic beverages

Front 8

What drugs are produced with fungi?

Back 8

Antibiotics - penicillin, cephalosporin

Cyclosporin - an anti-rejection drug

Front 9

Some fungi are _____ on animals

Back 9

parasitic

Front 10

Fungi can cause significant diseases of plants. (T/F)

Back 10

True

Front 11

The 5 phyla of Fungi (picture)

Back 11

Front 12

What fungus can inhibit the growth bacteria on an agar plate?

Back 12

Penicillium notatum

Front 13

When was the first antibiotic discovered?

Back 13

The first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered in 1929 by Sir Alexander Fleming, who observed inhibition of staphylococci by a Penicillium mold

Front 14

Ancient treatments for infections included using moldy ______

Back 14

bread

Front 15

Define yeast

Back 15

small round single cells

Front 16

Define molds

Back 16

Long branched filaments called hyphae

Front 17

Some fungi are _____ - can grow as both yeast-like cells and mold-like cells

Back 17

dimorphic

Front 18

Many medically important fungi are _____

Back 18

dimorphic

Front 19

Fungi are often _____ - feed on preformed organic material

Back 19

heterotrophs

Front 20

Unlike animals which ingest then digest, what do fungi do?

Back 20

digest then ingest

Front 21

Fungi produce ______ enzymes that are secreted and break-up organic material

Back 21

hydrolytic

Front 22

What happens after fungi produce hydrolytic enzymes and break-up organic material?

Back 22

Digested food is then absorbed

Front 23

Most fungi are _____ - get nutrients from dead organisms

Back 23

saprobes

Front 24

Define saprobes

Back 24

Use non-living material. Important scavengers

Front 25

Define parasites

Back 25

Use organic material from living hosts, harming them in some way

Front 26

Define mutualists/symbionts

Back 26

Fungi that live in association with the host without harming it (and often helping it)

Front 27

Yeasts are _____ fungi

Back 27

unicellular

Front 28

How so most yeasts reproduce

Back 28

asexually by budding

Front 29

What is a yeast that reproduces by budding?

Back 29

E.g. the common asccomycete Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Front 30

What is S. cerevisiae used for?

Back 30

Baker's yeast or Brewer's yeast

THE model eukaryote

Front 31

How does S. cerevisiae divide?

Back 31

asexually via budding or can enter sexual cycle and form spores

Front 32

Reproduction cycle of S. cerevisiae (picture)

Back 32

Front 33

How is S. cerevisiae a cellular toolkit for biology

Back 33

generator of ethanol by synthetic biology

Front 34

S. cerevisiae is great at _______

Back 34

fermentation

Front 35

S. cerevisiae cannot break down many substrates. (T/F)

Back 35

True

Front 36

how can you engineer S. cerevisiae to break down the substrates you need?

Back 36

by adding enzymes from other species

Front 37

How does S. cerevisiae make ethanol (picture)

Back 37

Front 38

S. pombe divides by what?

Back 38

Fission

Front 39

S. pombe life cycle (picture)

Back 39

Front 40

Why did Hartwell/Nurse get a Nobel prize?

Back 40

2001

for cell cycle studies in Sc and Sp

Front 41

Molds are ______ fungi

Back 41

filamentous

Front 42

Mold cells only contain one nucleus. (T/F)

Back 42

False. Cells may contain more than one nucleus, sometimes 100s

Front 43

A single filament is known as a ______ - a nucleated tube containing cytoplasm

Back 43

hypha

Front 44

Define hypha

Back 44

a nucleated tube containing cytoplasm

Front 45

Some fungi grow below the surface. (T/F)

Back 45

True

Front 46

What is the largest organism on earth?

Back 46

Armillaria

Spreads over 1000s of acres and several feet deep

Total mass larger than a blue whale

Front 47

What are two common molds?

Back 47

Rhizopus

Asperigillus

Front 48

What do Aerial hypha form?

Back 48

conidia - asexual spores

Front 49

Mold spores are thought to be a respiratory problem (T/F)

Back 49

True

Front 50

Define Basidiomycetes

Back 50

Filamentous fungi that form fruiting bodies

Front 51

Where are the sexual spores named and found on a basidiomycetes?

Back 51

Basidiospores

on the underside on the cap of the mushroom. Spores dispersed by wind

Front 52

Can you eat mushrooms?

Back 52

Probably not a good idea. Of the 70,000 species of fungi about 250 species are considered good delicious edibles. Another 250 species can kill you - or at least make you wish you were dead. Everything else is something in between -- from some that are "sort of okay tasting if there's nothing else to eat and you're starving in the woods" to some that are "just too bitter or taste too bad to eat," or some that are too small or too tough to eat or that have something else wrong with them

Front 53

What does myco mean?

Back 53

Fungus

Front 54

Roots of most terrestial plants are _____

Back 54

mycorrhizal

Front 55

Mycorrhizal fungi get their _____ from root secretions and inorganic minerals from the soil

Back 55

carbon

Front 56

Mycorrhizal plant gets more _____ from the soil due to greater ______ area from fungal filamentous cells

Back 56

nutrients

surface

Front 57

What fungi are included in the mycorrihizae group?

Back 57

Zygomycetes

Glomeromycetes
Ascomycetes

Basidiomycetes

Front 58

Fungus provide ______ materials for plant (N and Pi)

Back 58

inorganic

Front 59

Plant provides ____ materials (C based) for fungus

Back 59

organic

Front 60

Fungus and plant relationships are _____

Back 60

mutualistic

Front 61

Ecto vs. Endo (picture)

Back 61

Front 62

Define Ecto

Back 62

outside

Front 63

Define Endo

Back 63

Inside

Front 64

Define truffles

Back 64

Truffles are ectomycorrhizal fungi and are therefore usually found in close association with the roots of trees

Front 65

How much can European white truffles cost?

Back 65

Cans sell for as much as $3600 a pound, making them the most expensive food in the world

Front 66

Dutch elm disease is caused by a _____

Back 66

fungas

Front 67

Corn smut causes what?

Back 67

millions of dollars of crop damage every years

Front 68

How much does rice blast destroy?

Back 68

destroy enough rice to feed more than 60 million people

Front 69

What is the mexican truffle?

Back 69

Corn smut (aka Huitlacoche)

Front 70

Define P. destructans

Back 70

An ascomycetous fungus associated with bat "White-Nose Syndrome" (WNS)

Front 71

Most serious 'mycoses' are not _____

Back 71

contagious

Do not spread by person to person contact

Result from exposure to environmental sources

Front 72

_________ are contagious

Back 72

Dermatophytes

Front 73

Where do dermatophytes live?

Back 73

in dead layers on the skin

Front 74

What is an example of Dermatophytes disease?

Back 74

Ringworm. Sometimes transmitted person to person

Front 75

Only ___ known fungi are true human pathogens

Back 75

4

Front 76

Most disease-causing fungi are _______

Back 76

opportunistic

Front 77

What does it mean by opportunistic fungi?

Back 77

Take advantage of a weakened immune system

Front 78

All 4 true pathogenic fungi are ____-

Back 78

dimorphic

Front 79

Define dimorphic

Back 79

they can switch between growing as filaments and growing as yeast, depending on the temperature

Front 80

There are >1 million species of Fungi and only a handful can cause disease. (T/F)

Back 80

True

Front 81

Candida is a normal part of what?

Back 81

the normal microbial flora on skin and mucous membranes

Normal part of GI tract in most person

Front 82

Define Commensal

Back 82

lives in association with other organisms but don't derive their nutrition from them

Front 83

What is a commensal fungi?

Back 83

Candida

Front 84

What does Candida cause?

Back 84

both mucosal infections (oral thrush, yeast infections) and bloodstream infections (typically in immunocompromised individuals)

Front 85

Candida is dimorphic. (T/F)

Back 85

True

Front 86

_____ are often critical for Candida infections

Back 86

biofilms

Front 87

How is biofilms critical for Candida infections?

Back 87

Yeast cells attach to the surface. Grow up several layers of cells. Switch to form hyphae/Extracellular matrix formed. Dispersal to new sites.

Front 88

Why are biofilms drug resistant?

Back 88

Physical barriers to the drug (e.g. ECM)

Non-dividing cells/persister cells that are more resistant to the drug

Cells in biofilms can activate responses that decrease drug efficiency (e.g. upregulate efflux drug transporters)

Front 89

Did fungi end the reign of dinosaurs?

Back 89

About 65 million years ago a large asteroid struck the earth at the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico creating a shell of ash and dust over the earth that killed off many species of plants and animals

In this decaying world fungi would have flourished

Front 90

Mammals replaced reptiles as the dominant life forms after the ________ (K-T) boundary

Back 90

Cretaceous-Tertiary

Front 91

Reptiles require ____ the daily energy of mammals

Back 91

1/10

Front 92

Why didn't reptiles survive?

Back 92

Mammals are highly resistant to most fungal diseases, and their higher body temperatures contributes to this

Front 93

There was a fungal _____ following the meteorite hit

Back 93

bloom

Front 94

When there was a fungal bloom small ______ had an evolutionary advantage to resist fungal infections

Back 94

mammals

Front 95

Talk about the optimal temperature for fungus

Back 95

Computation of the optimal temperature that would provide maximal protection again fungi given the caloric needs needed to maintain elevated temperatures yielded a value of 36.7C which is very close to mammalian body temperatures

This raises the possibility that mammalian resistance to fungi through the combination of vertebrate-level immunity and endothermy could have been the result of selection by pathogenic fungi

Front 96

Why is fungal disease in humans only become important in the 20th century?

Back 96

Primarily a disease of hosts with impaired immunity, hospitalization, or HIV infection

Again, humans are generally resistant to fungi through their immune system and endothermy

Front 97

How will global warming increase the prevalence of fungal disease in mammals?

Back 97

1. increasing the geographic range of currently pathogenic species

2. selecting for adaptive thermotolerance for species.

Front 98

Fungi exist from single-celled organisms to multicellular systems including the biggest organism on earth. (T/F)

Back 98

True

Front 99

Fungi are not critical for life on the plant. (T/F)

Back 99

False. They are

Front 100

Fungi are important causes of what?

Back 100

plant and animal disease

Front 101

Why are fungi beneficial?

Back 101

food, drink, antibiotics, plant growth/resistance

Front 102

When did fungus begin to cause human disease?

Back 102

20th century

Front 103

Fungus might have been responsible for the predominance of mammals over reptiles. (T/F)

Back 103

True