Fundamentals Semester 1 Midterm - New Material

Front 1

Pharmacology

Back 1

Study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

Front 2

Clinical Pharmacology

Back 2

Study of drugs in humans

Front 3

Pharmacotherapeutics

Back 3

Use of drugs to diagnose, prvent, or treat disease or prevent pregnancy

Front 4

DRUG (medication)

Back 4

Any chemical that can affect living processes

Front 5

Stages of New Drug Development

Back 5

Preclinical testing
Application to FDA
Clinical testing

Front 6

Preclinical testing

Back 6

animal testing for toxicities, pharmacokinetic properties, and potential usefull biologic effect

Front 7

Application to FDA

Back 7

Testing in humans
Investigational New Drug Status

Front 8

Clinical Testing

Back 8

performed on humans

Front 9

Clinical Testing - Phase I, II, III, IV

Back 9

I - normal volunteers
II + III - patients
New Drug Application Pending
IV - post marketing surveillance
Estimated cost = $802 mil/new drug

Front 10

Drug Chemical Name

Back 10

chemical derivative of the drug; describes the ingredients
Ex: N-acetyl-para-aminophen

Front 11

Drug Generic (Non-proprietary) Name

Back 11

offical name listed in official publications
Ex: acetaminophen

Front 12

Drug Brand/Trade/Proprietary Name

Back 12

name a manufacturer markets a medication under
Ex: Tylenol

Front 13

Polypharmacy

Back 13

Taking many medications, prescribed or not, in an attempt to treat several disorders simultaneously
Increases risk for drug interactions and side effects.

Front 14

Big 3 Properties of a Drug

Back 14

Effectivness (most important)
Safety
Selectivity

Front 15

Safety

Back 15

Risk of adverse effect can never be reduced

"Because no drug is ideal, the objective is to provide the maximum benefit with minimum side effects"

Front 16

Selectivity

Back 16

All medications casue side effects

Front 17

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

Back 17

lists drugs that have been recognized as in compliance with legal standards or purity, quality and strength

Front 18

Medication Forms

Back 18

tablet, caplet
spansule (crystals inside capsule)
elixir (liquid w/alcohol)
tincture (small amount of alcohol, very concentrated)
ointment (oil or water based)
paste, suppository (rectal or vaginal)
suspension (powder + liquid)
syrup (w/sugar + flavorings)
transdermal patch (sticks on skin)
lozenge (cough drop)

Front 19

Forms of Tablets that cannot be crushed or broken

Back 19

Sustained release (SR, XR, LA) manufactured to delay absorption

Enteric Coated (EC) dissolves in intestines

Front 20

Non-Parenteral Routes of Administration

Back 20

Oral (sublingual, buccal)
Topical (on outside of body, not for ingestion)
Transdermal (use gloves)
- Inhalation
- Otic
- Opthalmic
- Nasal

Front 21

Pareneral Route of Administration

Back 21

Anything other than through the nalimentary canal
(Intradermal, Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, Intravenous)

Front 22

Intrathecal

Back 22

into subarachnoid space or ventricles or the brain

Front 23

Intraosseous

Back 23

infusion into bone marrow

Front 24

Intraperitoneal

Back 24

into the abdomen

Front 25

Intraplueral

Back 25

into the lungs

Front 26

Intraarterial

Back 26

into heart or arteries

Front 27

Drug Classification

Back 27

According to similar characteristics
- Effect of med
- Symptoms relieved
-Medication's desired effect

Drugs can have more than on classification (ie: ASA anti-pyretic, analgesic)

Front 28

Who can write a medication order?

Back 28

Doctor, NP, PA

Front 29

Who can receives a medication order?

Back 29

RN

(also telephone orders, and can transcribe orders)

All drug orders need to be counter-signed by ordering physician

Front 30

Types of medication orders

Back 30

Standing Order
PRN order
Single order
Stat order
Verbal order
Telephone order

Front 31

Stat Order

Back 31

to be administered immediately

Ex: Benadryl 50 mg tab 1 PO now

Front 32

PRN Order

Back 32

permits nurse to decide when to administer based on nurse's subjective judgement

Ex; Tylenol 650 mg 1 tab PO prn every 4 hrs for fever above 101.2

Tylenol 325 mg 1 to 2 tabs PO prn for leg pain 3 times a day

Front 33

Six Rights of Drug Administration + Two

Back 33

Right Drug
Right Dose
Right Time
Right Patient
Right Route
Right Documentation + Evaluation

+ 2: Allergy and Expiration

Front 34

MAR

Back 34

Medication Administration Record
(EMAR or CMAR)

A record that lists all medications that each client is to receive and when received

Front 35

Parts of a Medication Order

Back 35

full name of client
date + time order is written
name of drug
dose + frequency
method of administration
signature of physician or nurse practitioner

Front 36

Fat Soluble vitamins

Back 36

Vitamins A, D, E, K
- can be stored in body fat
- may cause toxicty because they deplete slowly from the body

In Fat City, A Dragon Eats Kale

Front 37

water soluble vitamins

Back 37

Vitamin B, B-Complex, and C
- cannot be stored in the body
- excess will be excreted in the urine,
easy to become deficient in Vit B and C

In Waterland, The Rich Nurse Promised Fried Chicken & Ale

Front 38

Vitamin A Food Sources

Back 38

carrots
sweet potatoes
green leafy veggies

Front 39

Vitamin A function
(Beta-carotene)

Back 39

visual acuity

Front 40

Vitamin A deficiency

Back 40

Results in night blindness (b/c rods don't function properly)

Front 41

Vitamin D Function

Back 41

calcium absorption

Front 42

Vitamin D Deficiency

Back 42

Results in Rickets, Osteoporosis

Front 43

Vitamin E Function

Back 43

Skin Healing (necessary for wound healing)
(anti-oxidant)

Front 44

Vitamin E Deficiency

Back 44

Delayed healing
(anti-oxidant)

Front 45

Vitamin E Food Sources

Back 45

vegetable oil
nuts
wheat germ

Front 46

Vitamin D Food Sources

Back 46

milk (fortified)
cereal (fortified)
saltwater fish
(sunlight)

Front 47

Vitamin K Function

Back 47

Immunity, clotting factor

Front 48

Vitamin K Deficiency

Back 48

Immune Deficiencies
Delayed clotting

Front 49

Vitamin K Food Sources

Back 49

canola
kale
green leafy veggies

Front 50

Name the 7 Major Minerals

Back 50

Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Sodium (Na)
Chloride (Cl)
Potassium (K)
Maganesium (Mg)
Sulfur (S)

Front 51

Calcium and Phosphorus Function

Back 51

work together to build strong bones + teeth

Front 52

Sodium and Chloride Function

Back 52

work together to balance water

Front 53

Potassium and Magnesium Function

Back 53

work together to move muscles
K (muscle contraction)
Mg (muscle relaxation)

Front 54

Sulfur function

Back 54

works alone to create strong skin and nails

Front 55

Calcium and Phosphorus Related Conditions

Back 55

Hypercalcemia
Hypo calcemia
Osteoporosis

Front 56

Sodium and Chloride Related Conditions

Back 56

Hypernatremia (fluid deficit + dehydration)
Hyponatremia (fluid overload + edema)

Front 57

Potassiumn and Magnesium Related Conditions

Back 57

Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia

Front 58

Sulfur Related Conditions

Back 58

Skin lesions, weak hairs, nails