Fundamentals Of Phonetics

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phonetics

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study of production and perception of speech sounds

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historical phonetics

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study of sound changes in words

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physiological phonetics

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study of function of speech organs during process of speaking

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acoustic phonetics

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focuses on differences in frequency, intensity, and duration of the various consonants and vowels

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perceptual phonetics

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study of listener's perception of speech sounds in terms of loudness, pitch, perceived length, and acousitic, and perceptual phonetics

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experimental phonetics

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laboratory study of physiological, acoustic, and perceptual phonetics. Measures attributes of speech organs during speech production

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clinical phonetics

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study and transcription of aberant speech behaviors (those that vary from "normal" speech

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phonology

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systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language. Focuses on linguistic rules.

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International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)

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designed to represent the sounds or words, not their spelling. Used to transcribe typical and/or atypical speech

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graphemes

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printed letters

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phonetic alphabet

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alphabet that contains a seperate letter for each individual sound in a language

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allographs

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different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound
Ex. loop, through, threw, fruit, canoe

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digraphs

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pairs of letters that represent one sound
-They may be same two letters (as in hoot, heed, and tissue) or two different letters (as in shoe, steak, or tried)

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morpheme

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smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning
Ex. "book" is one morpheme and "books" is two because book & -s are separate morphemes. -s is a plural morpheme

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free morphemes

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morphemes that can stand alone and still carry meaning, such as "book", "phlegm," "music," or "press"

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bound morphemes

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morphemes that are bound to other words and carry no meaning when the stand alone.
Ex. pre(date), re(try), book(s), (music)ian, and (press)ure

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mean length of utterance (MLU)

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measurement of the average number of morphemes per utterance.
-By analyzing MLU, can determine whether child is progressing through stages of language development with respect to typical developmental sequence and appropriate time frame

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phoneme

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speech sound that is capable of differentiating morphemes
-A change in a single phoneme always changes identity of the morpheme
Ex. by changing initial phoneme from /l/ to /b/, the morpheme "look" becomes "book.

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minimal pairs

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words that differ by only one phoneme
Ex. "lool"/"book", "cat"/"cab", "hear"/"beer", "through"/"brew"

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distinctive features

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phonemes are actually comprised of small parcels of information that characterize each phoneme in a language. These help in distinguishing one phoneme from another.
If phoneme possesses a particular feature it's given a (+) value and if not, it's given a (-) value.

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allophones

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members of a phoneme family are actually variant pronunciations of a particular phoneme. These variant pronunciations are called ________.
Ex. The front (or light) /l/ and the back (or dark) /l/ are variant productions of the phoneme /l/.

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complementary distribution

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refers to allophone production that is tied to a particular phonetic environment
Ex. The allophones of the phoneme /g/ in "get" and "got". The /g/ in "get" is produced closer to the front of the mouth and the /g/ in "got" is produced further back, due to vowel environment. These allophones are not free to vary in terms of where in the mouth the sounds are produced.

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free variation

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refers to allophone production that is not tied to a particular phonetic environment
Ex.The final /t/ in "hit" may be released or unreleased, depending on speaker's individual production of the word. These two variant productions (released or unreleased) are allophones of /t/ that are in free variation

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systematic phonemic transcription (aka "broad transcription" or "phonemic transcription"

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phonemic transcription of an individual, used when the rules of a language are known; variant phoneme (i.e., allophone) production is not recorded
Ex. If child has a speech disorder resulting in production of all /l/ phonemes in back of his mouth. Transcription of word "slip" would yield /slIp/
-When using phonemic transcription, no way to indicate whether the phoneme /l/ was produced in the front of the back of the mouth.

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diacritics

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specialized symbols used to indicate allphonic variation such as the dark /l/ or unreleased /p/, when transcribing speech
-specialized phonetic symbol used in both system