Fundamental Of Nursing

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Active Transport

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Movement of materials across the cell membrane by means of chemical activity that allows the cell to admit larger molecules than would otherwise be possible.

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Anion gap

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Difference between the concentrations of serum cations and anions; determined by measuring the concentrations of sodium cations and chloride and bicarbonate anions.

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Anions

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Negatively charged electrolytes.

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Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)

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a blood test that is performed using blood from an artery. It involves puncturing an artery with a thin needle and syringe and drawing a small volume of blood.

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Autologous transfusion

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Procedure in which blood is removed from a donor and stored for a variable period before it is returned to the donor's own circulation.

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Buffer(s)

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Substance or group of substances that can absorb or release hydrogen ions to correct an acid-base imbalance.

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Cations

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Positively charged electrolytes.

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Colloid Osmotic Pressure

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Abnormal condition of the kidney caused by the pressure of concentrations of large particles such as protein molecules that will pass through a membrane.

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Dehydration

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Excessive loss of water from the body tissues accompanied by a disturbance of body electrolytes.

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Electrolytes

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Element or compound that, when melted or dissolved in water or other solvent, dissociates into ions and can carry an electrical current.

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Electronic Infusion Device (EIDs)

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Piece of medical equipment that delivers intravenous fluids at a prescribed rate through an intravenous catheter.

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Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

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Portion of body fluids composed of the interstitial fluid and blood plasma.

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Filtration

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Straining of fluid through a membrane.

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Hydrostatic pressure

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Pressure caused by a liquid.

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Hypercalcemia

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Greater-than-normal amount of calcium in the blood.

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Hyperkalemia

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refers to the condition in which the concentration of the electrolyte potassium (K+) in the blood is elevated. Extreme hyperkalemia is a medical emergency due to the risk of potentially fatal abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia).

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Hypernatremia

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is an electrolyte disturbance that is defined by an elevated sodium level in the blood. Hypernatremia is generally not caused by an excess of sodium, but rather by a relative deficit of free water in the body.

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Hypertonic

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Situation in which one solution has a greater concentration of solute than another; therefore the first solution exerts greater osmotic pressure.

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Hypocalcemia

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is the presence of low serum calcium levels in the blood. Physiologically, blood calcium is tightly regulated within a narrow range for proper cellular processes

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Hypokalemia

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refers to the condition in which the concentration of potassium (K+) in the blood is low.

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Hyponatremia

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is an electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium ion concentration in the serum is lower than normal.

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Hypotonic

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Situation in which one solution has a smaller concentration of solute than another; therefore the first solution exerts less osmotic pressure.

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Hypovolemia

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Abnormally low circulating blood volume.

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Infiltration

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Dislodging an intravenous catheter or needle from a vein into the subcutaneous space.

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Interstitial Fluid

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Fluid that fills the spaces between most of the cells of the body and provides a substantial portion of the liquid environment of the body.

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Intracellular Fluid

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Liquid within the cell membrane.

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Intravascullar Fluid

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Fluid circulating within blood vessels of the body.

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Ions

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is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom a net positive or negative electrical charge.

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Isotonic

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Situation in which two solutions have the same concentration of solute; therefore both solutions exert the same osmotic pressure.

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Metabolic Acidosis

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Abnormal condition of high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid caused by either a primary increase in hydrogen ions or a decrease in bicarbonate.

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Metabolic Alkalosis

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Abnormal condition characterized by the significant loss of acid from the body or increased levels of bicarbonate.

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Oncotic Pressure

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Total influence of the protein on the osmotic activity of plasma fluid.

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Osmolality

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Concentration or osmotic pressure of a solution expressed in osmoles or milliosmoles per kilogram of water.

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Osmosis

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Movement of a pure solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration.

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Osmotic Pressure

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Drawing power for water, which depends on the number of molecules in the solution.

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Phlebitis

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Inflammation of a vein.

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Respiratory Acidosis

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Abnormal condition characterized by increased arterial carbon dioxide concentration, excess carbonic acid, and increased hydrogen ion concentration.

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Respiratory Alkalosis

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Abnormal condition characterized by decreased arterial carbon dioxide concentration and hydrogen ion concentration.

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Trancellular Fluid

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is the portion of total body water contained within epithelial lined spaces. It is the smallest component of extracellular fluid, which also includes interstitial fluid and plasma.

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Transfusion Reaction

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Systemic response by the body to the administration of blood incompatible with that of the recipient.

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Vascular Access Devices (VADs)

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Catheters, cannulas, or infusion ports designed for long-term, repeated access to the vascular system.

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Extravasation

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In the case of inflammation, it refers to the movement of white blood cells from the capillaries to the tissues surrounding them (diapedesis).

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Acidosis

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is an increased acidity in the blood and other body tissue

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Alkalosis

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refers to a condition reducing hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood plasma (alkalemia). Generally, alkalosis is said to occur when pH of the blood exceeds 7.45

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Colloids

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is a substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance.

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Crystalloids

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A substance that in solution can pass through a semipermeable membrane and be crystallized, as distinguished from a colloid.

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Hypermagnesemia

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is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally elevated level of magnesium in the blood. Usually this results in excess of magnesium in the body.

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Hypomagnesemia

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is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an abnormally low level of magnesium in the blood.

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Extracellular Fluid Volume Deficit (ECV deficit)

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usually denotes all body fluid outside of cells. The remainder is called intracellular fluid.

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Extracellular Fluid Volume Excess (ECV excess)

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occurs from an increase in total body sodium content and an increase in total body water.