Basic Nursing Ch 17 Fluid And Electrolyte Balance

Front 1

Define: Acid

Back 1

1. A compound yielding a hydrogen ion in a polar solvent (in water); acids form salts by replacing all or part of the ionizable hydrogen with an electropositive element or radical.
2. Colloquially, any chemical compound that has a sour taste (given by the hydrogen ion).

Front 2

Define: Anasarca

Back 2

A generalized infiltration of edema fluid into subcutaneous connective tissue.

Front 3

Define: Anion

Back 3

An ion that carries a negative charge

Front 4

Define: Ascites

Back 4

Accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

Front 5

Define: base

Back 5

Cations, or substances forming cations.
A substance the pH of which is over 7.0, in contrast to an acid.

Front 6

Define: Buffer

Back 6

Reduces any changes in pH that would otherwise occur in the solution when acid or alkali is added to it

Front 7

Define: cation

Back 7

An ion carrying a charge of positive electricity, therefore going to the negatively charged cathode.

Front 8

Define: dehydration

Back 8

Dehydration is the loss of water and salts essential for normal body function.

Front 9

Define: diffusion

Back 9

1. The random movement of molecules or ions or small particles in solution or suspension under the influence of brownian (thermal) motion toward a uniform distribution throughout the available volume; the rate is relatively rapid among liquids and gases, but takes place very slowly among solids.
2. Light scattering.

Front 10

Define: Edema

Back 10

1. An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells or intercellular tissues.
2. At the gross level, used to describe the physical sign commonly likened to swelling or increased girth that often accompanies the accumulation of fluid in a body part, most often a limb.

Front 11

Define: electrolyte

Back 11

1. Any compound that, in solution or in molten form, conducts electricity and is decomposed (electrolyzed) by it.
2. An ionizable substance in solution.

Front 12

Define: Feedback

Back 12

1. In a given system, the return, as input, of some of the output, as a regulatory mechanism; regulation of a furnace by a thermostat.

Front 13

Define: Filtration

Back 13

1. The process of passing a liquid or gas through a filter.

Front 14

Define: hypertonic

Back 14

Having a greater osmotic pressure than a reference solution, which is ordinarily assumed to be blood plasma or interstitial fluid; more specifically, refers to a fluid in which cells shrink.

Front 15

Define: hypotonic

Back 15

Having a lesser osmotic pressure than a reference solution, which is ordinarily assumed to be blood plasma or interstitial fluid; more specifically, refers to a fluid in which cells would swell.

Front 16

Define: Insensible

Back 16

Not appreciable by the senses.

Front 17

Define: interstitial

Back 17

Relating to spaces within a tissue or organ, but excluding such spaces as body cavities or potential space.

Front 18

Define: intravascular

Back 18

Within the blood vessels or lymphatics.

Front 19

Define: ion

Back 19

An atom or group of atoms carrying an electric charge by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. Ions may exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous environments, although those in liquid (electrolytes) are more common and familiar.

Front 20

Define: isotonic

Back 20

Having equal tension; denoting solutions possessing the same osmotic pressure

Front 21

Define: osmosis

Back 21

The process by which solvent tends to move through a semipermeable membrane from a solution of lower to a solution of higher osmolal concentration of the solutes to which the membrane is relatively impermeable.

Front 22

Define: permeability

Back 22

The property of being permeable

Front 23

Define: salt

Back 23

1. A compound formed by the interaction of an acid and a base, the ionizable hydrogen atoms of the acid are replaced by the positive ion of the base.

Front 24

Define: solute

Back 24

The dissolved substance in a solution.

Front 25

Define: solvent

Back 25

A liquid that holds another substance in solution, dissolves it.

Front 26

Acronyms: ABG'S

Back 26

An arterial blood gas (ABG) test measures the acidity (pH) and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery.

Front 27

Acronyms: ADH

Back 27

Antidiuretic Hormone A relatively small (peptide) molecule that is released by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain after being made nearby (in the hypothalamus). ADH has an antidiuretic action that prevents the production of dilute urine (and so is antidiuretic).

Front 28

Acronyms: ANP

Back 28

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a powerful vasodilator, and a protein (polypeptide) hormone secreted by heart muscle cells.

Front 29

Acronyms: Ca++

Back 29

CALCIUM a chemical element, at. no. 20. Calcium phosphate salts form the dense hard material of teeth and bones. The calcium 2+ ion is involved in many physiologic processes. A normal blood calcium level is essential for normal function of the heart, nerves, and muscles. It is involved in blood coagulation (in which connection it is called coagulation factor IV )

Front 30

Acronyms: Ca3(PO4)2

Back 30

calcium PHOSPHATE a salt containing calcium and the phosphate radical: dibasic and tribasic c. phosphate are used as sources of calcium.

Front 31

Acronyms: CaCO3

Back 31

calcium Bicarbonate insoluble salt, CaCO3, occurring naturally in shells, limestone, and chalk and also used in more purified forms; used as an antacid and calcium replenisher and in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Front 32

Acronyms: Cl-

Back 32

chlorine an insoluble salt, CaCO3

Front 33

Acronyms: CSF

Back 33

cerebrospinal fluid the fluid contained within the ventricles of the brain, the subarachnoid space, and the central canal of the spinal cord.

Front 34

Acronyms: ECF

Back 34

All fluid outside of cells, usually excluding transcellular fluid.

Front 35

Acronyms: Fe++

Back 35

Iron

Front 36

Acronyms: GI

Back 36

Gastrointestinal
The digestive organs and structures, including the stomach and intestines.

Front 37

Define: negative feedback

Back 37

(in physiology) a decrease in function in response to a stimulus. For example, the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone decreases as the amount of circulating estrogen increases.

Front 38

Define: Positive Feedback

Back 38

(in physiology) an increase in function in response to a stimulus. For example, micturition increases after the flow of urine has started, and the uterus contracts more frequently and with greater strength after it has begun to contract in labor.

Front 39

Define: Hypovolmic shock

Back 39

shock due to insufficient blood volume, either from hemorrhage or other loss of fluid or from widespread vasodilation so that normal blood volume cannot maintain tissue perfusion; symptoms are like those of cardiogenic shock.

Front 40

Define: RAA
(renin-angiotensin system)

Back 40

the regulation of sodium balance, fluid volume, and blood pressure. In response to reduced perfusion, renin is secreted, which hydrolyzes a plasma globulin to release angiotensin I, which is rapidly hydrolyzed to angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor; angiotension II also stimulates aldosterone secretion, which causes sodium retention, an increase in blood pressure, and restoration of renal perfusion, which shuts off the signal for renin release (negative feedback). Angiotensin-converting enzyme also deactivates bradykinin, a vasodilator. Also called renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Front 41

Define: Overhydration

Back 41

Overhydration, also called water excess or water intoxication, is a condition in which the body contains too much water.

Front 42

Define: passive transport

Back 42

the movement of small molecules across the membrane of a cell by diffusion. Passive transport occurs when the chemicals outside a cell become concentrated and start moving into the cell, changing the intracellular equilibrium. Passive transport is essential to various processes of metabolism, such as the intake of digestive products by the cells lining the intestines

Front 43

Define: Diffusion

Back 43

the spontaneous movement of molecules or other particles in solution, owing to their random thermal motion, to reach a uniform concentration throughout the solvent, a process requiring no addition of energy to the system.

Front 44

ECF is composed primarily of

Back 44

Interstitial and intravascular fluids

Front 45

A chemical system set up to resist changes, particularly in the level of ph, is

Back 45

a buffer

Front 46

water moves across a semipermeable membrane via which process?

Back 46

Diffusion

Front 47

to balance water output, an average adult must have fluid intake of:

Back 47

2000-4000 mL per day

Front 48

the primary organs involved in pH regulation are

Back 48

Kidneys and lungs

Front 49

T or F
A positively charged ion is konwn as a cation

Back 49

True

Front 50

T or F
Diffusion is the random movement of molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration

Back 50

False
Diffusion is the random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Front 51

T or F
A salt is created when the negative ions of a base replace the positive oxygen ions of an acid

Back 51

False
A salt is created when the positive ions of a base replace the positive hydrogen ions of an acid

Front 52

T or F
A vesicle transports large molecules or whole cells across the plasma membrane

Back 52

True

Front 53

T or F
Oxygen is the main component of the pH system of the body

Back 53

False
Hydrogen is the main component of the pH system of the body

Front 54

T or F
An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons is called an ion

Back 54

True

Front 55

T or F
Electrolytes are substance that dissociate in water into ions

Back 55

True

Front 56

______ is the Dynamic process through which t he body maintains balance by constantly adjusting to internal and external stimuli

Back 56

Homeostasis

Front 57

________ feedback occurs when the body reverses an original stimulus to regain physiological homeostasis

Back 57

Negative

Front 58

Intravascular fluid is the watery fluid of the blood known as _________.

Back 58

plasma

Front 59

With a decrease in blood volume, _____ is released by the kidneys.

Back 59

Renin

Front 60

_______ is an excess of water in the body.

Back 60

Over-hydration

Front 61

A ______ is the substance dissolved in a solvent

Back 61

Solute

Front 62

The process of _____ involves the dissociation of compounds into their respective ions

Back 62

Ionization

Front 63

The ability of a membrane to allow molecules to pass through is known as _____

Back 63

Permeability

Front 64

What are the two main compartments of body fluid?

Back 64

ICF intracellular fluid and ECF extracellular fluid

Front 65

What are the features of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Back 65

ECF is fluid outside cells and constitutes one third of the total body fluid

Front 66

When is ADH released from the posterior pituitary gland?

Back 66

ADH is released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to conditions within the cardiovascular system, such as low blood blood volume or increased concentration of sodium in blood plasma

Front 67

What causes renin to be released by the kidneys

Back 67

Decrease in blood volume causes renin to be released by the kidneys

Front 68

Which form of passive transport does the figure indicate

Back 68

the figure indicates diffusion

Front 69

What are the principle causes of edema?

Back 69

1.Obstruction of venous blood or lymphatic return
2.increased capillary permeability or pressure
3.external pressure
4.inflammatory reactions
5.loss of the proteins in the plasma of the blood

Front 70

What is ionization?

Back 70

the process by which compounds dissociate into their respective ions

Front 71

What are the factors on which permeability of membranes depends?

Back 71

1.size of membrane pores
2.Osmotic pressure
3.hydrostatic pressure
4.electrical charge of molecule
5.membrane
6.body fluid
7.solubility and size of sodium

Front 72

Which are the important salts in the body?

Back 72

Sodium Chloride NaCl
Potassium Chloride KCl
Calcium Chloride CaCl2
Calcium Phosphate Ca3(PO4)2
Sodium sulfate Na2SO4

Front 73

What is homeostasis?

Back 73

Homeostasis is the dynamic process through which the body maintains balance by constantly adjusting to internal and external stimuli

Front 74

What are the functions of intracellular fluid ICF?

Back 74

The functions of ICF are the following:
1.Stabilizing agent for the cell
2.helps maintain cell shape
3.assists with transport of nutrients across the cell membrane
4.assists with transport of nutrients in and out of the cell

Front 75

The nurse should list the following as some of the causes of dehydration?

Back 75

Diarrhea, vomitting , excessive heat and sweating, GI suction, hemmorhage, excessive use of diuretics, lowered fluid intake, certain medications, certain diseases (diabetes, addison's disease)

Front 76

When caring for older adults, the nurse should be aware of the following effects of aging on fluid and electrolyte balance?

Back 76

Intracellular fluid levels decrease, thirst sensation declines, and hydration is common, nutrional habits,exercise and weight gain occur, activity levels influence body fluid levels