Fundamental Anatomy And Physiology Defintions Chapter#2

Front 1

any substance that, when dissolved in water, contributes to an excess of H- ions.

Back 1

acid

Front 2

base; any substance that, when dissolved in water, contributes to an excess of OH- ions.

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alkaline

Front 3

liquid mixture in which water is the solvent; for example, saltwater is an aqueous solution because water is the solvent.

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aqueous

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smallest particle of a pure substance (element) that still has the chemical properties of that substance; composed of protons,electrons, and neutrons.

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atom

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combined total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

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atomic mass

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total number of protons in an atom's nucleus; atoms of each element have a characteristic atomic number

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atomic number

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1. A chemical that, when dissolved in water, reduces the relative concentration of H+ ions in the whole solution. 2. In the context of nucleic acids,base or nitrogen base refers to one part of a nucleotide that is the basic building block of nucleic acid molecules; possible bases include adenine,thymine,guanine,cytosine,and uracil.

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base

Front 8

organic compounds containing carbon,hydrogen, and oxyen in certain specific proportions; for example sugars, starches, and cellulose

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carbohydrate

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substance whose molecules have more than one kind of element in them

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compound

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bond chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons by overlapping their energy levels

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covalent

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excessive loss of body water; the most common fluid imbalance; an abnormally low volume of one or more body fluids

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dehydration

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separation of ions as they dissolve in water

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dissociation

Front 13

shape of DNA molecules; a double spiral

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double helix

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substance that ionizes in solution, rendering the solution capable of conduction an electric current.

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electrolyte

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negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus of an atom

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electron

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pure substance, composed of only one type of atom

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element

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limited region surrounding the nucleus of an atom at a certain distance containing electrons; also called a shell.

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energy level

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a fuctional protein acting as a biochemical catalyst allowing chemical reactions to take place in a suitable time frame

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enzyme

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polysaccharide made up of a chain of glucose molecules; animal starch

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glycogen

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chemical reaction in which water is added to a large molecule causing it to break apart into smaller molecules

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hydrolysis

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compound whose molecules do not contain carbon-carbon or carbon-cydrogen bonds.

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inorganic compound

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chemical bond formed by the positive-negative attraction between two ions

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ionic bond

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organic molecule usually coposed of glycerol and fatty acid units

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lipid

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any substance that occupies space and has mass

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matter

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particle of matter composed of one or more smaller units called atoms

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molecule

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electrically neutral particle within the nucleus of an atom

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neutron

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the two nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid, found in the cytoplasm, and deoxyribonucleic acid, found in teh nucleus; made up of units called nucleotides that each include a phospate, a five-carbon sugar, and a nirtogen base

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nucleic acids

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spherical structure within a cell; a group of neuron cell bodies in the brin or spinal cord; central core of the atom made of of protons and neutrons

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nucleus

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covalent bond linking amino acids within a protein molecule

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peptide bond

Front 30

mathematical expression of relative H+ concentration

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pH

Front 31

one of the basic nutrients needed by the body; a nitrogen-containing organic compound composed of a folded strand of amino acids

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protein

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positively charged particle within the nuclueus of an atom

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proton

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any substance entering (and being changed by) a chemical reaction

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reactant

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substance that dissolves into anoter substance

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solute

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substance in which other substances are dissolved

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solvent