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260 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Subclass protheria
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"early beasts"
includes order monotremata |
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Subclass theria
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"true beasts"
includes two infraclasses: metatheria & eutheria |
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Infraclass metatheria
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Marsupials
Includes the order marsupialia |
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Infraclass eutheria
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Placentals
Bulk of living mammals |
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What is the unique characteristic of monotreme repro?
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Egg-laying mammals
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What is one unique characteristic of marsupial repro?
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Give birth to live young, but they are very atricial & require further development in pouch attached to a mammary gl
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Typically reptiles have what kind of teeth?
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Homodont
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What is a characteristic of the ear unique to mammals?
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Mammals have 3 ossicles of the middle ear (stapes, malleus, incus), whereas reptiles only had stapes
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Name 3 examples of cursorial mammals.
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Cheetah
Deer Horses |
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Name two types of bipedal cursors.
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Primates
Kangaroos (ricochetal cursors) |
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Name 2 characteristics of the vertebral column that is unique to cursors.
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1. Have the capacity to flex & extend vertebral column
2. Thoracic wall is compressed laterally |
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What is the significance of the clavicle to non-cursors?
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When extended from sternum to scapula, it prevents pendular movement of the shoulder joint
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What is the principle of summation of independent velocities in relation to cursor joints?
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The axns of multiple pivoted joints summate to contribute to length of stride
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What is the diff b/w the femur of cursors & noncursors?
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Nothing significant - tends to be of a fixed length
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What is the diff b/w the tibia / fibula of cursors & noncursors?
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Tend to be elongated & fused distally in cursors
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What is the diff b/w the radius / ulna of cursors & non-cursors?
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In cursors, the radius & ulna can be locked, the shaft is fused distally, and the pivot is at the elbow w/ the carpus moving passively
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What is the diff b/w the MCs / MTs of cursors & non-cursors?
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They are elongated in cursors
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What are the impt features of the cursor pes in contrast to that of noncursors?
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Cursors: reduced number of digits, reduced mm (most of bulk is proximal), & some cursors have specialized modifications (e.g. Eq suspensory apparatus)
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Give one example of a saltatorial mammal.
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Rabbit (hops)
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What are the impt characteristics of ricochets?
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Hindlimbs are larger & move together; Tail acts as a 3rd limb for balancing; Forelimbs are reduced
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Give 3 examples of ricochetal cursors.
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Kangaroo
Kangaroo rat (African) spring hare |
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What is significant in the structure of the limbs of graviportal animals?
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Lg, stout columns of support; almost no flexion at shoulder joint; bones have a straight axis (almost in full extension)
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How many digits are present in typical graviportal mammals?
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Five short digits
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What are the main features of the limbs of fossorial mammals?
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Well-developed joint flexors & extensors; Well-developed claws; Huge hands
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Give 4 examples of fossorial mammals.
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N. Am badger
Giant anteater Pangolin (scaly anteater) Armadillo |
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What are some impt features of brachiators?
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Flexible limbs w/ capacity for suppination / pronation; Prehensile tail
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Give 4 examples of brachiators.
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Gibbon monkey
Two-toed sloth Chimp Spider monkey |
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Name the ONLY true flying mammal.
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Order chiroptera (bats)
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What are the unique features of bat digits?
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Elongated w/ membranous support inbetween
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Give 2 examples of gliders.
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Flying squirrel
Flying lemur |
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____ have forelimb & hindlimb flippers, whereas ____ only have forelimb flippers.
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Pinnipeds; Cetaceans
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What is crypsis?
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Protective coloration (rel to defense or signaling)
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What is uinque about the hair of echidnas?
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Hairs are modified into stout, sharp spines (quills)
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Which layer of the skin is esp thickened & hardened in hooves?
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Stratum corneum
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Name 5 types of horns.
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True / hollow horn
Pronghorn Giraffe horn Antler Keratin fiber (rhino) horn |
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Members of what family have true / hollow horns?
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Fam. Bovidae
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What are the features of the horns of members of the fam. bovidae?
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True / hollow horns that consist of an outgrowth of bone (cornual process of frontal bone) overlying a hollow space (diverticulum of the frontal sinus) w/ a heavily keratinized stratum corneum forming a horn sheath
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What is the ONLY family of mammals w/ a pronghorn?
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Fam. Antilocapridae
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Is the pronghorn present in females of the fam. antilocapridae?
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It is either absent or present as a very small, reduced horn w/out a prong
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Describe the annual cycle of horn growth in the fam. antilocapridae.
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Outer horn sheath of pronghorn is shed & regrowtn from retained epidermal stratum germinativum
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How might you est age of some species of the fam. bovidae?
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Annual rings on surface of horn sheath (true / hollow horn)
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Name two species that have giraffe horns.
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Girrafe & okapi (fam. giraffidae)
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What are the characteristics of giraffe horns?
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NOT hollow; Consist of haired skin covering a bony protuberance of the skull (each w/ a separate ossification center / ossicone); NO annual cycle of shedding
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When might you see a median horn?
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Fam. giraffidae rostral to usual pair of giraffe horns
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Antlers are characteristic of what fam of mammals?
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Fam. cervidae (deer)
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Are antlers present in males, females or both?
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Only in males w/ the exception of the caribou / reindeer of which females have a smaller set
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Explain the annual cycle of growth & shedding of antlers.
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Antlers grow outward from pedicles on skull w/ intermembranous bone growing the fastest; Covered w/ fuzzy velvet which is well-vascularized & innervated resulting in sensitivity during growth; Innervation is interrupted at base of antler (burr ring bone just distal to pedicle) as rutting season approaches; Velvet dies & is shed leaving a mature antler consisting of only bone; At the end of rutting season, granulation tiss forms b/w base of antler & pedicle & antlers soon fall off (are cast); Cycle of regrowth begins again in the spring
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The burr ring is characteristic of what fam of mammals?
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Fam cervidae (antlers)
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In what order of mammals do you see a keratin fiber horn?
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Order perissodactyla (fam. rhinocerotidae)
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In what order of mammals do you see anal sacs w/ gll?
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Order carnivora
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What species have an infraorbital cutaneous sinus w/ gll?
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Some members of the order artiodactyla:
Sheep (fam bovidae) Some antelopes, deer (fam cervidae) |
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In what species might you see an interdigital cutaneous sinus w/ gll?
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Some members of the order artiodactyla:
Sheep (fam bovidae) Deer (fam cervidae) |
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In what spp do you see a glandula cornual (horn gl)?
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Capra spp (fam bovidae)
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In what species do you see a facial gl? Where is it located?
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Felines
On the upper & lower lip regions |
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In what species do you see a chin (mental) gl?
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Swine (order artiodactyla)
Rabbits (order lagomorpha) |
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In what species might you see carpal gll?
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Swine (order artiodactyla)
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In what species do you see a caudal (tail) gl?
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K9
Fe |
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What are some examples of species that are herbivorous grazers?
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Many members of the fam bovidae
Fam equidae Some kangaroos (fam macropodidae) |
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What are some examples of herbivorous browsers?
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Many members of the fam bovidae
Fam giraffidae Fam cervidae Some kangaroos (fam macropodidae) |
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What are folivores?
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Leaf eaters (e.g., koala)
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What are gramivores?
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Grain eaters
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What are frugivores?
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Fruit-eaters (e.g., some bats & primates)
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What features of the mm are specific to herbivorous animals?
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Enlarged masseter m & medial pterygoid m
Some sp also have enlarged lateral pterygoid for cross-jawed movement |
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Describe the stomach of herbivores.
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Multi-chambered
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Name 3 species w/ multi-chambered stomachs.
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Camels
Ruminants (cows, sm ru) Hippo |
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What are some specializations of the mm of carnivorous animals?
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Enlarged temporal m
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Give some examples of insectivorous mammals.
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Order monotremata
Some marsupials Order insectivora (moles, shrews) Pangolins Some members of the order xenartha (anteaters, armadillos) Aardvark Aardwolf |
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What species are sanguivorous?
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Vampire bats
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Bears, opposums & swine have what in common?
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All omnivorous animals
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Thecodontia
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Tooth sockets (alveoli)
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What type of dentition is characteristic of mammals?
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Heterodontia
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Give an example of a mammal w/ homodont dentition.
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Toothed whales (odontocetes)
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Polydontia
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Multiple generations of teeth
(e.g., mammals typically have 2 generations: deciduous & permanent) |
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Brachydontia
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Crown, neck & root of tooth present
Complete growth early |
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Give 5 examples of species w/ brachydont teeth.
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K9
Fe Hu Sw Bo (incisors) |
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Hypsodontia
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NO neck constriction
Teeth grow continuously thru much of life |
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What are some examples of species w/ hypsodont teeth?
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Eq (incisors & cheek)
Bo (cheek) Sw (tusks) Rodent & rabbit (incisors) |
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What is a unique feature of swine in regards to dentition?
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Boars have enlarged hypsodont canines that are used as fighting tusks
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Elephant tusks are what kind of teeth?
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Modified incisors
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What are some specializations rel to food acquisition? Species?
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Specialized digits (Aye-Aye)
Height (giraffe) Ability to stand on hindlimbs (antelope) Elongated rostrum, long tongue & copious sticky saliva (anteater) |
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Ectothermy
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Body temp regulation by behaviorally gaining heat from env
Most vertebrates |
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Endothermy
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Body temp is regulated by combo of metabolic heat & physio regul'n of heat exchange w/ env
(Birds & mammals) |
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Smaller animals have a (higher / lower) metabolic rate than large animals.
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Higher (less SA per body mass)
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Give 2 examples of behavioral thermoregul'n.
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1. Being more active during the cool part of day
2. Seeking shade during heat of day |
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Homeotherms
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Most mammals (maintainence of temp w/in a very narrow range)
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Heterothermy
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Greater fluctuation of temp (part-time temp is rel fixed, other part of time, temp fluctuates greatly)
Two types: seasonal & regional |
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Large body size is impt in the (inc / dec) of heat conservation.
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Inc
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Give 3 examples of thermal conductance (insulation).
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1. Hair
2. Blubber / fat 3. Vascular specializations (vascular shunts / countercurrent exchangers) |
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What are two features of polar bears that are advantageous to heat conservation?
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Hollow hair (inc SA for insulation)
Blk skin (inc heat absorption) |
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What is an adaptation of muskoxen to cold temp?
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Long guard hairs w/ very dense, fine undercoat (quiviut)
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How does countercurrent exchange fxn in thermal conductance?
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Inc SA of cap bld flow b/w aa & vv
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What is regional heterothermy?
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Allowing a part of body to drop below ideal temp while maintaining core body temp (sled dog paws)
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What is seasonal heterothermy?
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Allowing temp fluctuation dep on season (animals that go into torpor / hibernation states) (e.g., bats in cave)
Involves corresponding dro pin respiration & HR |
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What is endogenous thermogenesis?
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Generation of heat via shivering or oxidation of brown fat
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How are dromedaries adapted to heat tolerance?
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Allow body temp to go rel high (am: 34-35C body temp, afternoon: 40C; sweating when over 40.7C)
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How might grey kangaroos induce evaporative cooling?
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Licking forearms which stimulates capillary bld flow beneath skin
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How is the brain protected from the high body temp tolerated by species such as the camels & arabian oryx?
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Warm carotid rete bld is cooled by cooler cavernous sinus venous bld returning from the nasal cavity (turbinates provide inc SA for evaporative cooling)
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Describe the repro sys of female monotremes.
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Repro tubes open separately into a common cloaca
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How does repro occur in the monotreme female?
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Ovaries rel eggs which pass into infundibulum of the UTs where fertilization occurs; Albumen is added to the fertilized ovum & shell gll presnet in the tract add a flexible, leathery shell; Shell & contents enlarge before passage of egg
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A temp abdominal skin pouch for hatching of eggs & development is present in what species?
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Echidnas (NOT platypus)
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Incubation for montremes is typ how long?
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10-12d
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Brooding & suckling last how long in echidnas? In platypus?
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12wks
16wks |
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What are unique features of the monotreme male repro sys?
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Penis body is on floor of cloaca (becomes engorged & protrudes for copulation); Testes are in abdomen
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T/F: All marsupials have a marsupium.
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F (about half)
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Describe the repro tract of marsupial females.
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Double thru vagina (third median vagina develops for passage of young); Median vagina closes off from urogenital conn to cloaca after the 1st birth & reopens for each subsequent birth (except in kangaroos in which median vagina remains patent)
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What is the type of placentation in marsupials? In placentals?
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Choriovitelline (yolk sac w/ little contribution from maternal side);
Chorioallantoic (intimate assoc b/w maternal & fetal contrib w/ bld vessels on fetal side) |
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What is responsible for embryonic nourishment in monotremes?
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Uterine secretions
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The gestation pd of marsupials is (short/long)?
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Short
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What are some features of the marsupial male repro sys?
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Testes in scrotum
Penis often bifid |
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Penis is often bifid in what group of animals?
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Marsupial males
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Gestation in placental animals is (longer / shorter) than that of marsupials.
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Longer
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Placental mammals are born more altricial in (predator / prey) animals.
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Predators
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Placental males carry testes where?
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At least seasonally in scrotum
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Males of placental type species typical have what feature of the penis?
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Os penis (baculum)
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A reptilian repro tract w/ each tract emptying into a cloaca is present in what mammals?
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Monotremes
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A duplex uterus & vagina w/ a tripartite vaginal tract is characteristic of what group of mammals?
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Marsupials
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A duplex uterus (w/ 2 openings into a single vaginal tract) is characteristic of what group of mammals?
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Rabbits, rodents
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A bicornuate repro tract w/ a single cervical os on both uterine & vaginal side is characteristic of what mammals?
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Cattle
Pigs Carnivores Cetaceans |
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A simplex repro tract without uterine horns is present in what mammals?
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Many primates
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What is one species w/ inguinal mammae? One species w/ pectoral mammae?
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Deer
Elephant |
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What are some species that exhibit a flehman response?
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Rhino
Stallion Bull Bucks (antelopes) |
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Name 3 families in the order perissodactyla.
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Fam equidae (horses, asses, zebras)
Fam tapiridae Fam rhinocerotidae |
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What are the 3 suborders of the order artiodactyla?
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Suborder ruminantia
Suborder tylopoda Suborder suiformes |
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Name 6 families in the suborder ruminantia (of the order artiodactyla).
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1. Fam bovidae
2. Fam antilocapridae 3. Fam giraffidae 4. Fam tragulidae 5. Fam moschidae 6. Fam cervidae |
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What family is in the suborder tylopoda (of the order artiodactyla)?
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Fam camelidae
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Name 3 families in the suborder suiformes (of the order artiodactyla).
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1. Fam suidae
2. Fam tayassuidae 3. Fam hippopotamidae |
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Canines grow straight up & down in what group of pigs? In what group do they grow outwards?
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Fam tayassuidae (peccaries / new world)
Fam suidae (true / old world pigs) |
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How does the branching of antlers differ in wht tailed deer & muledeer?
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Dichotomous branching in muledeer v. one main branch w/ smaller divisions in wht-tailed deer
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What group of mammals lack lacrimal & frontal bones as well as an auditory bulla?
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Monotremes
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The middle ear has a partial oval tympanic ring w/ a curved (but not coiled cochlea) in what species?
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Monotremes
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What are the 3 living species of the order monotremata (subclass protheria)?
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1. Ornithorhynchus (duckbill platypus)
2. Tachyglossus (short-nosed echidna) 3. Zaglossus (long-nosed echidna) |
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In what species do you see a reptilian pectoral & pelvic girdle w/ epipubic bones?
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Ornithorhynchus (platypus)
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What is an adaptation of the platypus that is useful for nocturnal underwater hunting?
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Specialized electroreceptors present in bill that are sensitive to weak electric currents
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Describe features of the jaw of the platypus.
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NO teeth
Heavily keratinized w/ ridges instead of cheek teeth |
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What is a unique feature of the platypus that is used in defense?
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Tarsal spur w/ venom gl
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How many mammary gll are present in the platypus? How many teats?
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2 mamm gll; NO teats
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When do eyes open in platypus young?
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9wks post-hatching
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How can you distinguish the two types of echidnas?
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Short-nosed echidnas have more robust spines on dorsum & eat ants / termites (have a long tongue), whereas long-nosed echidnas have less robust spines & eat earthworms / soil arthropods
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What is unique about male echidnas?
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Bifid penis w/ 4 orifices
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T/F: Marsupials have mammary teats
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T
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Choriovitelline placentation? What group?
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Yolk sac up against chorion (lacks villous placenta)
Marsupials |
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Where are marsupials located?
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Only in N & S Am & Australia
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Opossums are members of what family of marsupials?
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Fam didelphidae
(e.g., N. Am opossum = Didelphis virginianis) |
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Marsupial "mice" are members of what family?
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Fam Dasyuridae
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Bandicoots are members of what fam of marsupials?
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Fam Peramelidae
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Cuscuses, phalangers are members of what fam of marsupials?
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Fam Phalangeridae
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Gliders are members of what fam of marsupial?
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Fam Petauridae
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Kangaroos & wallabies are members of what fam of marsupial?
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Fam macropodidae
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Koalas are members of what fam of marsupial?
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Fam phascolarctidae
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Opposums are located where? Possums?
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N & S Am
Australia |
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How many species of marsupials are present in the US?
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1: Didelphis virginianis (n. am opossum)
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What are two types of S Am marsupials in the fam didelphidae?
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Mouse opossum (Marmosa spp)
Wooly opossum |
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What are the general characteristics of members of the fam didelphidae?
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Nocturnal, terrestrial, arboreal, omnivorous w/ prehensile tail, well-developed teeth cusps, a lg number of incisors, sm braincase w/ lg area of attachment for temporal m
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Rat or shrew opossums are members of what fam / order of marsupials?
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Fam Caenolestidae (order paucituberculata)
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The monito del monte is a representative of what family of marsupials?
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Fam microbiotheria
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What marsupial families are found in N & S Am?
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Fam didelphidae
Fam Caenolestidae Fam microbiotheriidae |
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What marsupial families are found in Australia?
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Fam thylacinidae
Fam dasyuridae Fam peramelidae Fam peroryctidae Fam notoryctidae Fam phascolarctidae Fam petauridae etc... |
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Fam thylacinidae?
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Order dasyuromorpha
Tasmanian tiger / wolf Canid-like carnivorous marsupial that lacks upper & lower carnaissal teeth |
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The tasmanian devil is a rep of what fam of marsupial?
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Fam dasyuridae (marsupial mice or carnivores)
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What is the largest living marsupial carnivore?
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Tasmanian devil
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What is a quoll?
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Cat-sized marsupial of Australia in the fam dasyuridae
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What are some general characteristics of members of the fam permelidae?
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Bandicoots: long slender noses; chorioallantoic placenta
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What are some characteristics of marsupial moles?
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Fam notoryctidae of australia
Burrowing insectivores w/ fossorial specializations, sm eyes & a heavily keratinized nasal shield |
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What is a general characteristic of the order diprotodontia (macropods, etc.)?
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Two front-end or forward teeth (lower incisors)
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What are some general characteristics of the fam phascolarctidae?
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Koals: specialized folivores w/ schizodactylous manus for grasping (digits 1-2 oppose digits 3-5) & syndactylous digits 2 & 3 of pes
Also have cheek teeth w/ cusps, a simple stomach w/ lg cecum |
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What mammal has the longest (proportionately) cecum?
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Koala (fam phascolarctidae)
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What are some general features of wombats (fam vombatidae)?
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Burrowing herbivores; bear-like body
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Name 3 reps of the fam phalangeridae.
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1. Phalangers
2. Cuscuses 3. Possums |
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What are some general characteristics of the fam phalangeridae?
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Prehensile tail; arboreal; omnivorous or herbivorous, med sz, short snout, lg eyes, dense soft fur
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What are some general characteristics of ring-tailed possums?
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Long furred prehensile tail, slow moving, arboreal, nocturnal, folivorous (selenodont molars), skin folds on gliders
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Where are you likely to find gliders (fam petauridae)?
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Forested areas of Australia / NG
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Musky rat kangaroos, bettongs (rat kang), & potoroos are members of what fam of marsupial?
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Fam potoroidae
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What is the smallest & most primitave kangaroo?
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musky rat kangaroo (saltators, nude tail)
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Name 6 reps of the fam macropodidae.
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1. Pademelons
2. Wallabies 3. Rock wallabies 4. Wallaroos 5. Lg kangaroos (grey & red) 6. Tree kangaroos |
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What are general characteristics of the fam macropodidae?
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Long pes adapted for hopping & bipedal richochetal locomotion (plantigrade w/ absent digit 1); Syndactylous digits 2 & 3; Small 5-digit forelimbs; Long & robust tail; Herbivorous or omnivorous
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What australian species is considered the eco equivalent of ungulates in n. am?
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Kangaroos (grey & red)
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What is unique about the stomach of macropods?
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Elongated w/ microbial fermentation
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What are general features of members of the order perissodactyla?
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Odd-toed ungulates w/ mesaxonic limb/digits (axis of symmetry passes thru metapodial / digit 3)
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What are some general features of the fam tapiridae?
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Most generalist herbivore of the order perissodactyla; Typically eat grass, shoots, fruits etc (browsers / frugivores); Tropical forest & riverine habitat; Good swimmers; Short nasal bones due to proboscis; Spotted & striped pattern of newborns goes away w/ age; Brachydont teeth; 4 front digits; 3 hind digits
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Name 3 latin american sp of the fam tapiridae? 1 SE Asian sp?
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1. Lowland / baird's
2. Mtn / wooly 3. Brazilian 1. Malayan |
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Name 3 asian species of the fam rhinocerotidae. 2 african sp?
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1. Indian / Great asian rhino
2. Javan rhino 3. Sumatran (hairy) rhino 1. Blk rhino 2. Wht rhino |
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What is the largest of the asian rhino sp?
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Indian or great asian rhino
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What are some unique features of the indian or great asian rhino?
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Pronounced skin folds suggestive of armor
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Javan rhino?
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Smaller version of the indian rhino w/ some hint of skin folds; most endagered mammal
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Sumatran (hairy) rhino?
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TWO horns; smallest of the asian rhinos; very endangered
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How might you distinguish b/w the two african sp of rhinos?
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Blk rhinos are browsers w/ an upper pointed / peaked prehensile lip & has 2 horns
Wht rhinos are larger (2nd largest land mammal) grazers w/ an upper squared lip |
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General features of the fam equidae.
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Lg grazing ungulates w/ cursorial locomotor specializations; Arid to semiarid plains; Wild found in Africa & Asia; Domesticated worldwide
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Name 2 species of asses.
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African wild ass (Equus assinus)
Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus) |
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General characteristics of the african wild ass (E. assinus)?
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Ancestor of domesticated ass, donkey & burro; May exhibit dorsal stripe along midline, transverse stripe over withers & mult transverse stripes on lower limbs; erect mane; territorial males (mark w/ dung piles)
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Gen features of the asiatic wild ass (E. hemionus)?
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Four subspecies (onager of MEast & kiang of E asia); Territorial males
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List the 3 living species of zebra from largest to smallest.
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1. Largest: Grevy's zebra (E. grevyi)
2. Plains zebra (E. burchelli) 3. Mtn zebra (E. zebra) |
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Which sp of zebra has the most numbers?
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Plains zebra (E. burchelli)
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Describe the coloration of the 3 sp of zebra.
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1. Grevy's: Many stripes over flank & rump / thigh
2. Plain's: 5-7 black stripes on flank b/w point of elbow & stifle & a few wide stripes over rump / thigh 3. Mtn: 7-12 black stripes on flank & a few side stripes over rump / thigh |
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What habitat is preferred by each of the 3 sp of zebra?
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1. Grevy's: ?
2. Plains: Migrates over African savannahs w/ wildebeest herds 3. Mtn: Hilly or mtn |
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Which of the 3 sp of zebras IS territorial?
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Grevy's zebras (E. grevyi) only
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The quagga was a separate sp or a subspecies of what living sp of zebra? Features?
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Plains
Reduced striping; extinct |
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Name the 2 living species of horses.
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1. Wild / Przwalski horse (E. przwalski)
2. Domesticated horse (E. caballus) |
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Przwalski horse?
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Wild; Native to Mongolian steppes; light reddish brown w/ darker mane & tail; May have dark stripe markings of ass, erect mane; No forelock
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Feral horses are mostly derived from what breed of domesticated horse?
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Spanish
(Chincoteague ponies, ocracoke & outer banks ponies & western US mustangs) |
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What is the foremost reference text on mammals? Who edited it?
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Walker's Mammals of the World
R. Nowak |
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What are some general features of the order artiodactyla?
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Odd-toed ungulates w/ axis of symmetry in limbs b/w digits 3 & 4 (paraxonic); Most cursorial herbivores (some omnivores); "cloven hooved mammals"
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Traits of the suborder ruminantia stomach?
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3-compartment forestomach for microbial fermentation & distal stomach compartment for glandular fxn
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Dentition of suborder rumanantia?
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Typ no incisors above (dental pad instead); 3 mandibular incisors are brachydont; Incisiform canines are brachydont; Cheek teeth brachydont or hypsodont & typ selenodont (crescent-shaped ridges or cusps on occlusal surface)
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Musculoskeletal features of suborder ruminantia?
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Reduction of metapodials w/ 3rd & 4th digits fused into lg cannon bone; Paraxonic (axis b/w 3 & 4); Digits 2 & 5 may or may not be present; Digit 1 absent; Unguligrade ground contact
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Name 5 classes of the fam bovidae (suborder ruminantia).
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1. Cattle forms (bos)
2. Buffaloes 3. Bison 4. Antelopes of Afr & Asia 5. Goat, sheep, etc. |
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What is one of the most dangerous sp in Africa of the fam bovidae?
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African buffalo (cape buffalo)
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Asiatic water buffalo?
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Many domesticated breeds developed from wild
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The european bison (wisant) has a sm remnant pop'n where?
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In a preserve in W Russia near Polish border
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Which bison is closest to the prehistoric form?
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European bison (wisant)
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Name at least 5 species of antelopes of africa & asia.
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Bongo
Sitatunga Kudu (greater & lesser) Eland Impala Wildebeest Hartebeest Gazelle Gerenuk Dik-dik Blackbuck Bushbuck Waterbuck Addax Roan & sable antelopes Oryx Springbok Saiga antelope |
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What is a unique attribute of springboks (antelope)?
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Stotting: stiff-legged leap
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What is the smallest antelope of Africa?
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Dik-Dik
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What is the largest Afr antelope?
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Eland
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What is a unique attribute of the gerenuk (antelope)?
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Long neck & limbs & can stand on hindlimbs in order to browse
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What gll are / are not present in Capra sp?
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Present: horn gll
Absent: infraorbital cutaneous sinuses, inguinal cutaneous sinuses, interdigital gll |
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Gll of Ovis spp?
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NO horn gll
Do have infraorbital cutaneous sinuses, inguinal cutaneous sinuses & interdigital gll |
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Name 3 spp of the suborder ruminantia in the fam bovidae that have some traits shared b/w true sheep &/or goats.
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1. Barbary sheep (aoudad)
2. Takin (China) 3. Muskox (Arctic |
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What is a characteristic of horns of muskoxen?
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Lg, broad horns that meet on midline
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What is the fastest distance running mammal?
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Antilocapra americana (fam antilocapridae)
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What scent gll are present in the fam antilocapridae?
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Subauricular, hip, ischiatic, interdigital
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What is a feature of the antelope impt for signaling danger?
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White rump hair that erects on alarm
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How many teats are present on the giraffe udder?
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4
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Locomotive gaits of giraffe?
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Pace: when walking - hind & front limbs on one side carried forward in unison
Running gallop: Carrying both hind limbs forward together |
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What is necking?
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Sparring behavior of male giraffes
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What are camouflaging features of the okapi coat?
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Dark brown w/ contrasting wht stripes (blends w/ shadows of forest)
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Name the 3 fam of deer forms in the suborder ruminantia of the order artiodactyla.
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1. Fam tragulidae (mouse deer or chevrotain)
2. Fam moschidae (musk deer) 3. Fam cervidae (true deer) |
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Fam tragulidae?
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mouse deer or chevrotains
Tropical forests of Afr & Asia; No antlers; Elongated upper canines that are tusk-like; MC 3 & 4 NOT fused or partially fused |
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Fam moschidae?
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Musk deer
No antlers; Very dramatic stabbing upper canines; Scent gl in abdomen which rel "musk" |
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What sp of the fam cervidae may have antlers present on females?
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Caribou
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Describe antlers of the muntjac (barking deer).
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Antlers on long pedicles w/ main upward beam & forward tine (stabbing antler)
*Distinct b/ elongated pedicles |
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What sp of the fam cervidae has long stabbing upper canines?
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Muntjac (barking deer)
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What sp of deer has palmate antlers?
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Fallow deer
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In what sp of deer are spots retained w/ age?
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Axis deer (chital)
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Blacktail deer are subspecies of what cervidae sp?
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Mule deer (west US)
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Name 3 sp of deer of S Am.
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Pampas deer
Brocket deer Huemel |
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What sp of deer is cold-adapted?
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Huemel (Chile)
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What is the smallest sp of the fam cervidae?
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Pudu (Peru & Chile)
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Elk are a member of what genus of deer?
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Cervus
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Cervus spp?
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Lg deer
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Where are elk (wapiti) found?
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W. US & Canada
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Name the Cervus sp that is similar to the elk in antlers.
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Red deer
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Which sp of deer has distinctly tree-like antlers?
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Pere David's deer of China (no longer existing in wild)
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What is the largest sp of the fam cervidae?
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Moose
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What is the diff b/w reindeer & caribou?
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Reindeer are domesticated caribou
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Seasonal migration is characteristic of what sp of the fam cervidae?
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Caribou / reindeer
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What is an adaptation of caribou / reindeer that helps them walk on snow & ice?
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Lg, wide feet
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What is the mjr food source of caribou / reindeer?
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Lichens
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What are some unique features of the suborder typlopoda?
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(Fam camelidae)
Only digits 3 & 4 expressed; Digits have a distal hoof & foot pad w/ heavily keratinized epidermis; Digitigrade rather than unguligrade; Stomach fermentors (3 compartment rather than 4 compartment of true Ru) |
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Name 2 types of old world camels.
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Dromedary / Arabian / One-humped camel
Bactrian / 2 humped camel |
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Name 2 domesticated forms & 2 wild forms of new world camelids.
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Domesticated:
1. Llama 2. Alpaca Wild: 1. Vicuna (smaller) 2. Guanaco |
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What is the diff b/w llamas & alpacas?
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Alpacas are smaller & were developed from llamas for their fine fiber
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Cheek teeth of members of the suborder suiformes?
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Bunodont (mound-shaped elevations)
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Which digits are present as dewclaws in the suborder suiformes?
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2 & 5
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Name several sp of the fam suidae (old world).
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Wild boar
Africa: Warthog Red river hog Forest hog Asia: Babirusa |
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Which of the old world pigs is the ancestor of domesticated sw?
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wild boar
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What is unique to the Babirusa in terms of dentition?
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Lg upper & lower tusks w/ the upper pair growing out thru the tiss of the upper jaw (curve caudally & ventrally & may even grow back into tiss of caudal head)
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Fam Tayassuidae?
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New world pigs (3 sp of peccary / javelina)
Collared Wht-lipped Chacoan |
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What are the 2 living sp of the fam hippopotamidae?
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hippo
pygmy hippo |
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Hippos are prob more closely related to _________ than to pig forms.
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Cetaceans
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In what sp do the upper & lower canines come together in a sharpening mechanism?
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Hippo
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