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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain gaseous exchange and its importance within a sporting context? |
Gaseous exchange is diffusion of air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries surrounding their walls. Due to partial pressure the air in the alveoli diffuses into the blood until equilibrium is reached. Blood entering the capillaries has a lower oxygen content and higher carbon dioxide content than the air in the alveoli. Oxygen diffuses into the blood via the surfaces of the alveoli, through the thin walls of the capillaries. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction, from blood into the alveoli. Gaseous exchange is important to a marathon runner because they need a fresh supply of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide throughout their run if they are to complete the course. |
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Explain the mechanics of breathing? |
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) is the process by which air is transported in and out of the lungs, it can be considered to have two phases: inspiration and expiration. During inspiration the intercostal muscles contract to lift the ribs upwards and outwards, at the same time the diaphragm is forced downwards. This expansion of the thorax causes a drop in pressure. Consequently, air floods into the lungs. Expiration follows inspiration as the intercostal muscles relax, the diaphragm extends upwards and the ribs collapse. At this point,pressure within the lungs is increased and air is expelled. During a football match a midfielder will require more oxygen. There for the mechanics of breathing needs to increase in speed. This means that the intercoastal muscles and diaphragm must work harder. |
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Explain tidal volume and how intensive exercise affects it. |
Tidal volume is the term used to describe the amount of air breathed in and out with each breath. A long distance runner will experience an increase in tidal volume to allow more air to pass through the lungs. This increases the rate of gaseous exchange. |
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Explain inspiratory reserve volume. |
By breathing in deeply it is possible to take in a more than usual amount of air. A hockey player will do this during a match in order to allow an increased amount of oxygen to reach the alveoli and consequently be diffused into the blood stream. |
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Explain expiratory reserve volume. |
This is the amount of air that can be breathed out after normal expiration. A rugby player will breathe out the expiratory reserve volume in order to remove carbon dioxide and increase space for fresh air. |
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Explain Vital Capacity. |
Vital capacity is the amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after maximal inspiration. A tennis player will experience an increased level of vital capacity as gaseous exchange increases. |
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Explain Residual Volume. |
The residual volume is the amount of air left in your lungs after maximal expiration. The sole function of the residual volume is to prevent the lungs from collapsing. Any athlete wouldn't want to expire their residual volume as they wouldn't be able to continue competing. |
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Explain whatis meant by total lung capacity. |
This is the capacity of the lungs after you have inhaled as deeply and as maximally as you can, after maximal expiration. During any intensive physical activity total lung capacity will increased as the demand on the mechanics of breathing increases. |
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Explain the control of breathing. |
Breathing is controlled simultaneously in two ways, neutral control and chemical control. Neutral control involves neurones, cells that conduct nerve impulses in the reticular formation and pons, both parts of the brain stem. These are the dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group. This is responsible for the rhythm of breathing. A netball player will experience an increase in nerve impulses meaning the neutral control works quicker. Chemical control involves the continuing changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Sensors responding to such chemical fluctuations are called chemoreceptors. A swimmer’s chemoreceptors will inform the neutral control to work faster. |
