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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 'event' is required for fruit to set and grow? What facilitates this 'event'? |
pollinated in order for fruit to grow insects self-unfruitful(cross-pollinated)Or self-fruitful |
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How are nut crops usually pollinated? |
wind |
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What kind of habitat promotes native pollinators? |
diverse vegetation (pastures, hedgerows, woodlands)
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Are there alternatives to honey bees for pollination? Are there any advantages to these? |
Native bees, Blue Orchard Mason bees work at lower temps, pollinate more, fruit flowers> ground cover |
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What can good pollination lead to the need for? What are its benefits? |
Thinning -Increasedfruit size and sweetness -Decreased biennial bearing -Reduced plant stress (reducedsusceptibility to pest damage and winter injury) |
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What can a grower do to reduce the number of flower buds on a fruit plant? When can it be done? |
Pruning excess branches -within three weeks of bloom for greatest benefit |
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What is June-drop? |
by dropping some of their excess flowers and fruit |
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When should fruit thinning be done for greatest benefit? What are typical thinning levels in apple and peach? |
Apple and pear – 1 to 2 fruit per cluster Peach – 6 to 8 inches apart, photos 10-5 and 6 (before and after) Plums and apricots – 2 to 3 inches apart |
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What are three general fruit thinning methods? What are their advantages or disadvantages? |
Hand Mechanical Chemical Bloomthinners |
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Why would a grower choose to thin at post-bloom rather than at bloom? |
Saferthan bloom thinners
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Name some post-bloom thinning chemicals. What do they mimic? What do they selectively thin? |
NAAand NAD synthetic auxin Ethephongenerates ethyleneAccel™ (6-BA) synthetic cytokinen Carbaryl(Sevin™) insecticide |
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Name some PGR's and their uses other than thinning. |
NAAand NAD -prevent pre-harvest drop Gibberellins(ProGibb™, ProVide™) -increase fruit size and thin fruit in grapes Accel™(6-BA) -cytokinen increases fruit size |
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What other environmental factor greatly influences fruit size? How can it be enhanced? |
Light -Dwarftrees -North-south rows -Training and pruning systems -Reflective mulches -Particle film sprays (Surround™) |
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How do fruit and nut growers harvest their crops? Give one advantage and one disadvantage of each |
hand customer machine |
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What harvest method is used to maintain best fruit quality? |
customer |
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What harvest method is used for processing fruits? |
machine |
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Give a harvest indice used for apple, peach, grape,blackberry, strawberry, and walnut |
p.130 apple peach grape blackberry strawberry walnut |
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What happens near harvest in climacteric fruit? |
increase in respiration ethylene comes before |
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What 'triggers' the climacteric and how can it be determined? |
ethylene emissions fruits will ripen after harvest |
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What is an advantage to field packing fruit? What fruits are field packed? |
handling damage Bruising |
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What operations are done to picked fruit at a packing house? |
precooling |
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What does precooling at the packing house do for fruit? |
to reduce respiration, water loss, inhibits rot organismstable 11-1 |
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What are methods of precooling fruit and what is their relative speed of cooling? |
Room cooling, forced-air cooling, hydrocooling |
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What are the usual operations done to fruit ina grading line? |
Cleaning and drying nuts Sorting and grading fruits Packing fruits Modifiedatmosphere packagingShipping |
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What temperature and relative humidity are fruits usually stored at? |
Fruits 30-32 °F 90-95% RH |
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What temperature and relative humidity are nuts usually stored at? |
Nuts 0 °F 55-75% RH |
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What does controlled-atmosphere do to the air surrounding fruit? |
Low O2 high CO2, N2 |
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What does controlled-atmosphere do to the physiology of fruit? |
removes ethylene Reduces respiration |
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What is the difference between modified-atmosphere packaging and controlled-atmosphere storage? |
CA- Low O2 and high CO2, N2 Ethyleneremoved MA- Grading line operations, hygiene |
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What can a grower expect if he/she sells fruit for processing? What can the grower do to maximize profit?
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lower return contracts with processors Negotiations Large scale* |
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What are selling/buying characteristics of wholesale and retail marketing? |
Wholesale-brokers, cooperative Retail-customer happy |
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How do sweet and tart cherries differ in their winter temperature sensitivity? |
sweet- sensitive to winter tart- more cold hardy |
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How do sweet and tart cherries differ in their bloom characteristics? |
sweet- bloom very early tart-bloom later |
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How do sweet and tart cherries differ in their tree characteristics? |
sweet- large tart- small |
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How do sweet and tart cherries differ in their flower bearing habits? |
sweet-5-7 years tart- 3-4 years |
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How do sweet and tart cherries differ in their fruit characteristics? |
sweet- fruit borne on long-lived spurs tart- fruit borne on short-lived spurs and one-year-old shoots |
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How do sweet and tart cherries differ in how they are marketed? |
sweet- 58% fresh market, dark red, ‘Bing’ tart- morellos, processed |
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What site requirements are needed for sweet cherry? Why? |
good site not subject to spring frost (good air drainage, north facingslope, near large body of water) |
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Why do tart cherries have less exacting site requirements? |
processeed market good air drainage |
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How do sweet and tart cherries differ in their pollination requirements? |
sweet- unfruitful tart- fruitful |
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What training systems are used for low density cherry orchards? |
open center, modified central leader |
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What pruning practices are used on young cherry trees to promote A. branching and B.strong limbs? |
heading cuts branch spreading growth regulators scoring bud removal |
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What is the goal of young tree training in cherry? |
Heading and thinning cuts, removeexcess spurs |
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Why are large pruning cuts avoided during dormant pruning of cherry? |
bacterial canker |
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Is orchard floor management for cherry different than for other tree fruits? |
Grass sod between rows vegetation free in-row |
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What cultural methods are used to minimize spring frost damage on cherry? |
orchard heaters wind machines' overhead sprinklers |
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Is fruit thinning an important practice in cherry production? Why or why not? |
no small fruit size and higher fruit numbers needed |
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What does heavy rainfall cause in sweet cherry production? How can it be prevented? |
fruit cracking -crack-resistantcultivars -Irrigation management -Calcium chloride sprays -Surfactant sprays -Tree covers | |
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What maturity indices are used in determining cherry harvest? |
kin color development soluble content sugar content |
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What markets do machine and hand harvested fruit go to? What is used to loosen fruit? |
hand- fresh (multiple) machine- processed (shake-and-cut)(one pick) |
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What are ways that almond is like and not like peach? |
LIKE- perfect flowers, simple leaves long/linear NOT-spurs |
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Pistachio is dioecious. What does that mean? Which tree is planted in greater numbers? |
male or female flowers. females planted greater # |
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What is required for pollination in pistachio? |
few male trees wind |
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How does pollen transfer occur in pistachio? |
wind |
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Are seedling rootstocks typically used for tree size control in almond and pistachio? If not, what are they used for? |
peach rootstocks plum for semi-dwarf nematode resistant verticullium wilt resistant |
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What is meant by the term ‘narrow cultivated variety base’ that occurs in almond and pistachio. |
Fewer cultivars that make up production acreage |
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Explain how the fruit terms hull, shuck, pit,shell, nut, and seed relate to each other? What has to be removed? |
the fleshy mesocarp does not undergo a final swell, it driesup into a hull or shuck fruit,the nut isthe seed or kernel inside the pit or shell endocarp, shucks crack openbeforeharvest, nuts meat shaken free
Crack shell for nut |
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What are the general soil and pH requirementsfor almond and pistachio? |
6.2-7.5 almond 6.8-8.5 pistachio, deep well drained soil |
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What additional site requirement is critical for yearly almond production? |
Raised beds ridges along planting rows provide betterdrainage Frost hazard low chilling almond high chilling pistachio |
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Almond has a chilling requirement of 300 to500 hours and pistachio 850 to 1000 hours. What does this result in? |
minimal spring frost hazard |
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Both almond and pistachio are planted at low densities. What does that mean? |
70-150 plants per acre |
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The typical orchard floor management is clean cultivation and cover cropping. When are these practices done and for what reasons? |
clean cultivation-herbicide in row early grow season
cover cropping-winter months |
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Regulated deficit irrigation is a practice used in almond and pistachio production. What does it do? |
regulates water during drought years |
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What are ways that almond and pistachio arealike and different at harvest? |
alike- equipment: trunk shaker different- hand harvest: 3rd year almond, 5th year pistachio mechanical harvest:4th, 6th |
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How is harvest determined in almond and pistachio? |
almond-3rd year bearing pistachio-5th year bearing |
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What are handling operations are needed for almond and pistachio? |
Stockpile and fumigation for almond Cleaning,drying, hulling, and shelling for almond Hulling andsorting for pistachio Storage (1 to 2 years at 0 ˚F) |
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If a chemical spray is selective toward aharmful pest, what effect does it have on a beneficial organism? |
Encouragenatural enemies of pest arthropods, both predators and parasitoids |
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What pest management technique uses economic thresholds? If pest damage exceeds an economic threshold, what does that mean? |
IPM -thecost of control is warranted |
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What general types of pests have low and high economic thresholds? |
higher-Indirectpests feed on leaves, shoots, woody parts lower-Directpests reduce the marketable crop or kill the plant |
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What methods can be used to increase fruit plant tolerance to pest arthropods? |
Genetric resistance Plants in good health |
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What is biocontrol? How does a grower encourage it? |
Encouragenatural enemies of pest arthropods -Providealternate food sources; groundcover plants, pollen and nectar sources |
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How can a grower determine if pest arthropodsare in his orchard? |
Monitoring |
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What does forecasting by degree day calculation and accumulation determine? |
arthropodhatch |
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How does insect pest mating disruption work? |
confusemale moths |
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What is particle film technology and how does it work? |
aphysical barrierbot -Pestrecognition of host -Pest movement -Feeding -Egg-laying |
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Does selective or broad spectrum chemical use lead to resistant pest populations? Why? |
Broad |
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How can chemical resistant pests be minimized or delayed? |
Useselective chemicals and rotate pesticides with different modes of action,reduces resistant pest populations |
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What are the four major disease organisms or pathogens? |
1.fungi 2.bacter 3.virus 4.nematodes |
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What is required for plant disease to develop? |
Pathogen Susceptible host Environment conducive to the disease |
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In selecting fruit plants to minimize diseases, what should a grower look for? |
Certifieddisease (virus)-free nursery plants |
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What orchard practices can be used in disease management? |
Biocontrols Chemicalfungicides or bacteriocides Organic Inorganic |
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What spray equipment is used for chemical application? |
Sprayers |
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What should be considered when mixing chemical pesticides in water? Can spray water volume per acre vary? |
pH Tree-rowvolume for determining water application rateaccount| |
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What general methods can be used for mammal and bird management? Give a specific example of each. |
Fencing Netting Scare devices |
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What are the three important types of plum? |
Japanese European American |
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What is the botanical term for the fruit of plum? What is the 'stone' or pit of the fruit? |
drupe single superior ovary |
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What is a prune? What type of plum is it? Why is a high sugar content important? |
dried plum european drying |
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What are the general cold hardiness levels of Japanese, European and American plums? |
Japense- hardy European- more coldy hardy American- very cold hardy |
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What is the plant character of Japanese,European and American plums? |
J- small spreading, 15-20ft tall E-more upright A-thicke, large bushels |
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Are flowers and fruit of plum borne more like apple or peach? |
borne on short spurs, one year shoots |
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How do Japanese and European plums differ in bloom and frost susceptibility? |
J- early, E- later, |
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If a planting site is only moderately well drained, what rootstock would be good to use for plum cultivars? |
peach moderately drained for plum |
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What are the general pollination requirements of plums? Is there an exception to this? |
J-unfruitful E-fruitful A-unfruitful bees needed |
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What are the methods of training Japanese and European plums? What other fruit crops are trained these ways? |
Japanese-open center European-central leader peach apple |
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What is spur pruning? Why is it done? ways? |
Pruning of older spurs done yearly to keep younger spurs |
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is thinning done on plums? If so, why? What are methods? |
Fresh market plums 3-4inch apart |
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How could a grower minimize pest problems that kill plum trees? |
peach rootstock plum on plum more resistant/less susceptible |
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What are the methods of harvesting plum and what markets are they used for? |
Hand harvest for fresh market Machine harvest(shake-and-catch) for processing |
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What maturity indices are used to determine harvestin plums? |
ground color change from greento light or yellow green soluble solids flesh firmness |
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Is the handling of plum at harvest any different than for peach and nectarine? What do growers want to avoid? |
similar avoid harvesting during heat of day |
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How are plums used for prunes handled after harvest? |
Correct picking and avoidanceof bruising Gentle dumping into bins orcontainers Keep in shade while loadingbins Careful movement of bins topacking shed Rapid cooling Packing line operations Cold storage for 2 to 4 weeksat 30 to 31 °F |
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Walnuts and pecans are monoecious. What does that mean? |
separate male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers |
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What family are walnuts and pecans in? |
Juglandaceae |
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What are the two common names of importantwalnut species? Which one is importantin commercial production? |
Persian walnut Eastern black walnut |
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What are walnut and pecan male flowers calledand where are they borne? |
pendulous catkins on one-year shoots |
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What are walnut and pecan female flowerscalled and where are they borne? |
Pistallate in terminal or lateralpositions of new shoots |
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What are the seed and fruit of walnut andpecan called? |
Kernels are seeds which grow in shells (endocarp) Fleshy fruit is the hull or shuck (mesocarp) |
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What usually happens to the fruit of walnutand pecan at maturity? |
splitsat maturity for Persian but not for eastern black walnut |
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What are the tree size and age characteristics of walnut and pecan? What are the relative cold hardiness levels of walnut and pecan species? |
-Persian medium size trees at 30-50 feet, long-lived at 40-50 years,begin bearing in 5-7 years, not cold hardy, Carpathian more cold hardy -Eastern black large trees at 80-100 feet, long-lived at 60-80 years,begin bearing in 5-7 years, cold hardy |
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From what is the typical rootstock of pecanand black walnut propagated from? |
persian- 3 seed-grown black walnut seedlings |
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Why would lateral-bearing cultivars of Persianwalnut be more desirable to grow than tip-bears?
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More nuts |
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What is a 'stick-tight' in pecan culture? Is it desirable or not? |
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How are walnut and pecan pollinated? What do the terms dichogamous, protandrous,and protogynous mean? |
wind male before female- protan female before male- proto dicho- separate bloom |
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Planting at least one protandrous and oneprotogynous cultivar in an orchard of walnut or pecan assures what will happen?
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Cross pollination |
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Why is level ground suitable and desirable forwalnut and pecan orchards? |
Harvest |
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How do walnut and pecan differ in their waterdrainage needs? |
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What soil depths are needed for walnut andpecan culture? |
Deep (10 feet), well-drained soil
Deep taproot |
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How would you classify (low, medium, high) tree density for walnutand pecan orchards? How are orchardsmanaged as trees grow and mature? |
Tree density 55-75 per acre Put out 100trees Thin out |
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How is a native pecan grove established from amixed woodland area? |
Hedgerow plantings used forsmaller growing cultivars |
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How is the orchard floor often managed forwalnut and pecan in early establishment years? |
intercropped or cover cropped |
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How is the orchard floor managed for walnutand pecan in later mature bearing years? |
Ground cultivated, closelymown or herbicide applied prior to harvest for a ‘clean’ orchard floor |
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What is the relative water use of walnut andpecan? How are they irrigated? |
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What two training systems are used in walnutand pecan culture? |
modified central leader, develop 4-6 scaffolds |
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How does a grower determine when to harvest walnut? |
Hulls must soften before harvest Thumb indentation testlude |
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How does a grower determine when to harvest pecan? |
splitting of hull/shuck |
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How must the orchard floor be managed just before harvest? |
Ground cultivated, closely mown or herbicide applied prior to harvest for a ‘clean’ orchard floor |
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What equipment is used to harvest walnut and pecan? What are the harvest operations? |
tree shaker |
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How do walnut and pecan differ in their handling after harvest? |
Harvest soon after maturity and rapid pick-up from orchard floorimportant for light colored kernels |
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1. Where are persimmon and pawpaw native to?
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China
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2. How would you classify tree size and life-span for persimmon and pawpaw?
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long lived: 50-60years
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3. Persimmon has a dioecious flowering habit. What does that mean?
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male(staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers on separate trees
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4. Pawpaw has a perfect flower. What does that mean?
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both stamens and carpels, and may be described as "bisexual" or "hermaphroditic"
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5. American and some Oriental persimmons must be very ripe and soft before they are edible. What fruit character must be lost to make it edible?
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flesh?
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6. Pawpaw growing ‘wild’ in the forest is often an understory tree. This makes it tolerant to what?
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trunk pests
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7. What general soil drainage and pH requirements are needed for persimmon and pawpaw?
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Soil moderate to well drained, pH 6 to 7n |
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8. In order to maintain a varietal characteristic in a fruit, how must it be propagated?
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budding and grafting
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9. What is the usual orchard floor management for these fruits?
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Sodrow middles and herbicide strip under trees Irrigation drip
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10. What are two ways that these fruits could be trained?
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Centralleader and modified central leader training
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11. What are indices of maturity for persimmon?
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fruitskin color change and softening
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12. What are indices of maturity for pawpaw?
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fruitskin color change and softening
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1. What are the three fruits in the genus Ribes that are cultivated?
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Currant
Gooseberry Jostaberry |
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2. What is the typical plant habit of these fruits?
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Upright bush 3 to 6 feet tall and wide
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3. How are fruit borne on the plant?
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one-year-oldstems and spurs on older stems
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4. These fruit plants are precocious. What does that mean?
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fruits earlier than usual
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5. What summer climate is ideal for these fruits?
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cool summer temps
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6. What can be done in a climate like Missouri to grow these fruits?
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areaprovide partial shade,
north facing slope good air and water drainage, 3 to 5% organic matter |
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7. Which of these fruits should be checked to see if there are any state regulations on planting it? What is it a host for?
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Ribes species an alternate host for white pineblister rust
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8 How are these fruits propagated? Does this maintain varietal character?
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Hardwood and softwood cuttings rooted, softwood under mist propagation
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9. What is the usual orchard floor management for these fruits?
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Sodrow middles, vegetation-free area under plants
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10. Most of these fruits are self-pollinating. What does that mean?
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do not need cross pollination
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11. Do these fruits need to be thinned?
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No
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12. What are ways that these fruits can be trained?
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Freestanding bushes
Hedgerow Cordon Mechanical |
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13. What ‘pest’ is a particular problem on red-fruited plants? How is it prevented?
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Birds
Netting |
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14. How are these fruits harvested?
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Hand
Machine |
