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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychodynamic Approach
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- Approach comes from the work of Sigmund Freud, a doctor who specialises in nervous disorder.
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Assumptions of the Psychodynamic Approach
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1. All behaviour, is determined by unconscious forced and drives - we have no awareness of the unconscious, these drives are largely sexual and aggressive.
2. Psychodynamic conflict: 3 parts to personality (id, ego, superego) and these are in conflict. Over use of ego defence mechanisms can lead to mental illness. 3. Personality is also shaped by experiences during childhood i.e. during the psych-sexual stages of development 0 - 5 years. Fixation can also lead to certain personality types. |
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Mental Iceberg
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- Conscious consists of thoughts we are aware of
- Preconscious is just beneath the surface - memory etc. - Unconscious - information which is very hard or even impossible to retrieve. |
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3 Parts of out personality
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The ID - I want chocolate (selfish/extreme)
The EGO - Have a small amount (middle ground) The SuperEGO - No you're on a diet (opposite extreme) |
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Stages of Development
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- Oral - Birth to 1 year (sucking thumb etc.)
- Anal - 1 to 3 years - Phallic - 3 to 5/6 years - Latency - 6 to puberty - Genital - Adulthood |
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Strengths of the Psychodynamic Approach
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- Enormous explanatory power for normal and abnormal behaviour
- Practical applications: huge impact on the world of counselling, psychotherapy and psychiatry. - Idea of the motivated unconscious has had huge impact on the Western thought and literature - It treats the whole person, not just the problem |
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Weaknesses of the Psychodynamic Approach
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- Very difficult to test the theory of unconscious motivation - whatever is not remembered can be said to be repressed
- The case study method utilises unrepresentative samples, therefore are concerns about generalisability - The clinical (therapeutic) interview method has problems with bias and there has been accusations of implanting false memories by therapists leading to reconstructed memories. |
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Oedipus Complex
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A desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a concomitant sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex; a crucial stage in the normal developmental process.
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Aim
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The study was used to illustrate Freud's theory of the Oedipus Complex (part of the phallic stage of psycho-sexual development) by reporting the finding of the treatment of a five year old boy for his phobia of horses.
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Participants
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Little Hans
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Method
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Case Study
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Procedure
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Hans father was a supported of Freud. Freud met Hans once. Hans's father wrote lengthy reports about Hans's behaviour and sent them to Freud for comments. Hans father also recorded their conversations and Hans's thoughts, feelings and dreams. Freud sent back his interpretation of Hans with directions of how to deal with the situation. Hans' s father started writing to Freud when he was 3 years old.
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Results
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- Hans developed a fear of horses , which Freud interpreted as evidence for the Oedipus Complex, suggesting the horse represents his father.
- Freud also suggests that Hans's fascination with his penis was evidence of this. - When Hans was 3 his moth found his with his hand of widdler and threatened to send him to the doctor to cut it off, around the time his sister Hanna was born and he expressed jealousy for a few months |
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Results
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- Hans had a considerable interest in other children especially girls
- Hans was 5 when his father wrote to Freud explaining his concern, that Hans was afraid a horse would bite him in the street, and the fear seemed connected with having been frighted by a large penis. - Father went into extensive detail about conversations with Hans |
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Results
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- Freud noted that Hans's fear of horse developed after he experienced some anxiety dreams about losing his mother, around the time he has been warned about playing with his widdler.
- Freud argued that Hans, who enjoyed getting in bed with his mother had a repressed longing for her and focused his libido on her. |
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Giraffe Dream/Fantasy
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Hans told his father about a dream/fantasy, where in the night there was a big giraffe and a drumpled one, the big one called out because he took the crumpled one away. The it stopped calling out and he sat down on the crumpled one.
- Freud and the father interpreted this as a reworking of the morning exchange in the parental bed, which his father often objected to (the big giraffe calling out before he had taken crumpled one away - mother away) - They believed the long neck of the giraffe was a symbol for the large adult penis. Hans rejected this idea. |
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Horse Phobia
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- Hans noted that he didn't like horses with black bits around the mouth , Freud believed this was a symbol for his father and the black bits were his moustache.
- Hans became particularly frightened about horses falling over, he described an incident when he witnessed this - confirmed by his mother. - Father asked many leading questions |
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Toilet Functions
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- Hans developed an interest in toilet functions, especially lumf.
- He had many discussions with his father about lumf, the birth of his sister, the colour of his mothers underwear and his liking for going to the toilet with his mother or the maid. - Hans had an imaginary friend called Lodi after a German sausage that looked like lumf. - Hans fear of horses started to decline, Hans believed that the final 2 fantasies marked change and led to resolution. |
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Family Fantasy
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Hans described a fantasy where he was married to his mother and was playing wit his own children. He had promoted his father to the role of grandfather
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Plumber Fantasy
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He described how a plumber came and first removed his bottom and widdler and then gave him another one of each, by larger
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Age 19
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At age 19 Hans appeared at Freud's consulting rook having read his case history. he confirmed he suffered no troubles during adolescence and was fit and well. He could not remember the discussions with his father and that the case came to him as something unknown.
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Conclusion
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- Freud believed the finding supported his theories of child development i.e. the psychodynamic approach
- In particular provided support for his theory of the Oedipus complex, where the young boy develops a deep sexual love for his mother and sees his father a rival - Little Hans phobia was elated to the Oedipus Complex. He was afraid of horses because they represented his father e.g. moustache - Freud believed that as Little Hans was having sexual fantasies about his mother he feared retaliation from his father - Freud said Hans was not in any way an abnormal child. Hans was able to communicate fears and wishes most children wouldn't have the opportunity to express, he was able to resolve anxieties and conflicts that would remain unresolved. |
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Evaluation: Sample
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Strengths
1 participant - in depth study of one person so can get rich qualitative data Opportunity sample - quick to get participants Weaknesses Opportunity sample - Researcher bias Can't be generalised as only 1 boy from 1 place - cant generalise to girls or other cultures |
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Evaluation: Method
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Strengths
Lots of in depth data (case study) Longitudinal study - can observe change over time Weaknesses Qualitative data - subject to interpretation Time consuming (longitudinal) Action research - analysing and giving therapy at same time |
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Evaluation: Ethics
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Strengths
Anonymous/confidential - real name not used Protection from harm - met with Freud when he was 19 to check he was okay Weaknesses Child so cant give consent himself Embarrassing and distressing - having those conversations with his father and reading the report when he was older May feel embarrassed to see mother and betrayed by father - could effect family relationships PFH - father practically carried out experiment and he is not a professional |
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Changes and Implications: Sample
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Use a larger number of participants, 10 participants, 5 female, 5 male.
- More generalisable and representative - More time consuming and expensive - Will have to test electra complex in girls |
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Changes and Implications: Method
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Questionnaire/interview opposed to longitudinal case study - questions on relationships with parents and phobia.
- Quicker to carry out and larger sample can be used - Young children many struggle to understand questions. Someone else analyse the children rather than Freud and a parent (trained psychologist) - More ethical and protection from harm - May feel intimidated by having to be seen by many people - Researcher bias Have someone close to Hans ask questions and film his answers - More reliable as seen on video and not relying on father - Deception as he doesn't know he is being filmed |
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Changes and Implications: Ethics
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Trained researcher or Freud, not father - Greater protection from harm- May be intimidatedDon't let Hans read the report later in life - Wont be stressed or angry or damage relationship with parents - May not know if he is okay
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