Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Wilhelm Wudnt did 2 things on the dates 1873 and 1879. What are these to things and which dates do they go with? |
1873 = Published the first Psychology book "Principles of Physiological Psychology" 1879 = Opened the first Psychology lab in Leipzig |
|
|
What date did Csikzentmily and Hunter use introspection to study happiness? |
2003 |
|
|
What did Griffiths study using introspection in 1994? |
Used introspection to study addiction of people who use fruit machines |
|
|
What date/dates did B.F Skinner invent Operant Conditioning Theory? |
1920's |
|
|
Pavlov created Classical Conditioning Theory. When was this? |
1902 |
|
|
John B Watson believed what about introspection at what date? |
That its too vague but he would accept lab experiments because they use the scientific method. In 1913 |
|
|
What date did Bandura use Bobo dolls to study Observational Learning Theory in children? |
1961 |
|
|
Atkinson and Shiffrin created what in 1968? |
The Multi-Store Model of Memory |
|
|
What did Miller state about the STM store in 1956? |
The STM can hold between 5-9 pieces of information at once Chunking can increase this |
|
|
Which psychologist showed that Iconic Memory exists in 1960? |
Sperling |
|
|
What did Conrad discover in 1964? |
What people encode acoustically in their STM |
|
|
In 1966 what did Baddeley look in to? Hint: He did both these things in 1966 |
Discovered how the STM and the LTM stores encode |
|
|
Peterson and Peterson stated that the duration of the STM is 18s. What date did they state this? |
1959 |
|
|
Bahrick et al found that the LTM has potentially infinite duration. What date did they state this? |
1975 |
|
|
What psychologist identified the 3 types of LTM in 1979? |
Tulving |
|
|
What person (initials) did Warrington study in 1970? |
K.F |
|
|
What person (initials) did Miller study in 1966? |
H.M |
|
|
Which psychologists discovered Primacy and Recency in 1966? |
Glanzer and Cunitz |
|
|
Heindel et al investigated patients with what disease in 1988? |
Huntingdon's disease |
|
|
What 2 types of LTM did Tulving state where separate using brain scans in 1989? |
Episodic and Semantic |
|
|
O'Connor el at studied patients with damaged Right Temporal Lobes and found their Semantic Memory was impaired What date was this? |
1992 |
|
|
De Renzi et al studied patients with damaged Left Temporal Lobes and found their Episodic Memory was impaired What date was this? |
1987 |
|
|
Baddley and Hitch created the Working-Model of Memory. When? |
1974 |
|
|
Which psychologist et al created the Word Length effect theory in 1975? |
Baddeley et al |
|
|
Godden and Baddeley created what theory in 1975? |
Levels of Processing theory |
|
|
Baddeley and Hitch showed that interference theory is able to explain day to day activities. When? |
1974 |
|
|
McGeoch and McDonald showed that interference is stronger if a word being recalled for is a synonym. When? |
1931 |
|
|
What did Loftus and Palmer show can be a powerful tool in EWT in 1974? |
Leading questions |
|
|
Who showed that Post Event Discussion can be a powerful tool used in the EWT? And when? |
Fiona Gobbert in 2003 |
|
|
In 2003 which psychologist evaluated the EWT by taking accounts of survivors (witnesses) of how it sunk compared to forensic evidence of how it did happen? |
Rinolo et al |
|
|
Christianson and Hubinette said what about the correlation of anxiety to accuracy of the EWT in 1993? |
Anxiety increases the accuracy of the EWT |
|
|
Loftus did The Weapon Identification study. When? |
1979 |
|
|
Steblay found that the presence of a weapon reduces the accuracy of recall. When? |
1992 |
|
|
Loftus also did a study when he monitored eye movement of witnesses in a situation when a weapon is involved. When? |
1987 |
|
|
What did Bowlby define attachment as in 1969? |
Specific behaviour in children such as seeking proximity with the attached figure when upset of scared |
|
|
Which psychologist defined attachment as these 4 things in 1980? - Seeking Proximity - Distress on separation - Joy on reunion - Orientation of behaviour |
Maccoby |
|
|
When did Field state the more time the child spends around the caregiver the stronger the attachment will be? |
1978 |
|
|
Which psychologist stated the more caregiving will result in a stronger relationship in 2004? |
Caldera |
|
|
Ross et al did what in 1975? |
The nappies study on infants |
|
|
Lamb found infants go to mothers for comfort and farthers for play. When? |
1997 |
|
|
Paquette found dads are more likely to be more playful, risky and rough. When? |
2004 |
|
|
When did Schaffer and Emerson do their attachment study? |
1964 |
|
|
Which psychologist studied grey goslings to investigate imprinting in 1935? |
Lorenz |
|
|
What animal study done in 1958 was deemed to be unethical and who by? |
Harlow's study on Rheas Monkeys |
|
|
When did Hess repeat Lorenz's study on ducklings and find that attachment is stronger between 13-17 hours. |
1958 |
|
|
Guiton did what in 1966? |
Found birds which sexually imprint on attachment will show normal sexual behaviour in later life |
|
|
What did Suckin find out about imprinting in 1965? |
Swans found still imprint in sensitive period if they didn't in the critical period |
|
|
Which psychologists created drives theory in 1950? |
Dolland and Miller |
|
|
When did Bowlby do his attachment theory study? |
1951 |
|
|
Which 2 psychologists supported Bowlby's Idea of social releasers in 1975? |
Tronick and Brazelton |
|
|
What did Bailey support in 2007? |
The IWM (Later life study) |
|
|
Burman stated that there is a burden of responsibility on the primary caregiver because of Monotropy. When? |
1994 |
|
|
When did Ainsworth do her strange situation study? |
1978 |
|
|
When did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg do their cultural differences study? |
1988 |
|
|
Bowlby did what famous study in 1964? |
His Maternal Deprivation study |
|
|
What did Rutter criticise Bowlby for in 1976? |
Not clarifying between Privation and Deprivation |
|
|
Kolvcha did a long term study on twin of age 7 with low IQ who where maternally deprived but by age 20 they had average IQ's When? |
1991 |
|
|
Levy did what in 2003? |
Separated rats from their mother for a day. This showed it can have a huge effect of later life |
|
|
What 3 dates did Rutter do his study on Institutionalisation of romanian orphans? |
1998 - 2001 - 2007 - |
|
|
Which psychologist showed that women without IWM's raised in institutionalisation during childhood have no IWM in later life in 1984? |
Quinton |
|
|
When did Hazan and Shaver conduct their love quiz? |
1987 |
|
|
Myron-Wilson did what in 1998? |
Studied bullies and victims from the ages of 7-11 |
|
|
Kern found what about secure children in school in 1994? |
They have a higher chance of forming relationships/friendships |
|
|
What psychologist said secure and insecure matches have better chemistry in 2005? |
Alexandrov |
|
|
Bailey did what in 2007? |
Stated that mothers are likely to have the same attachment type as their children |
|
|
McCarthy showed insecure women in later life are not likely to change. When? |
2010 |
|
|
Clarke et al evaluated the love quiz by saying that people who know there results weren't doomed but just had a higher chance of those things happening. When? |
1998 |
|
|
Which psychologist stated that different attachment types in later life will lead to different success in inter-mercy in 1990? |
McCarthy |
|
|
When did Mann create his theory of why we conform? Normative / Informational Social Influencs |
1969 |
|
|
When did Solomon Asch conduct the famous lines experiment? |
1951 |
|
|
What did Kelman do in 1958? |
Identified the 3 types of conformity: - Compliance - Identification - Internalism |
|
|
What date did Milgram do his study on obedience which involved electricity? |
1963 |
|
|
Which psychologist conducted the stanford prison experiment in 1971? |
Zimbardo |
|
|
Which famous study did Seridan and King repeat on puppies in 1972? |
Milgrams obedience study |
|
|
Which 2 psychologists stated that Milgram's study had low internal validity because participants knew it was a set up in 1968? |
Orne and Holland |
|
|
Which psychologist recently proved that Orne and Holland were right and when? |
Gina Perry in 2013 |
|
|
Which psychologist tested obedience of members of the New York Public using confederates in different uniforms in 1974? |
Bickman |
|
|
Miranda et al repeated Milgram's obedience study on spanish students and found obedience is 90%. When? |
1981 |
|
|
Which 2 psychologists argued against Miranda et al's study done on cross-cultural variation of Milgram's study because she only did countries which had similar cultures to America. And when? |
Smith and Bond in 1998 |
|
|
Adorno et al did what in 1950? |
He did a study on 2000 white middle class Americans who had unconscious attitudes towards certain racial groups. People who had higher/top scores on the F scale (F-scale = Fascism scale) had a higher chance of having an Authoritarian personality |
|
|
At which date did Milgram created his Agentic shift theory? |
1974 |
|
|
Rand and Jacobson did what in 1977? |
Re-did Hofing's study with a real drug (Valium) and gave the Dr's name over the phone. 2/18 obeyed compared to 21/22 |
|
|
What date did Holfing et al do his study on nurses and obedience? |
1966 |
|
|
What did Perin and Spencer do in 1980? |
Repeated Asch's lines experiment on British engineering students. 1/396 conformed |
|
|
Which psychologist in 2014 said "Asch's groups weren't very groupy"? He stated the results cannot be generalised because of this |
Fiske |
|
|
Neto did what in 1995? |
Neto said that women are more likely to conform due to social relationships |
|
|
What did Greenstein (1969) state about the F-scale and Adorno's study? |
That is is 'A comedy of Methodology errors' |
|
|
Christie and Jahoda stated that Adorno only measures the extreme left ideology (fascism) and this is politically bias. What date did they state this? |
1954 |
|
|
Which 2 psychologists interviewed fully obeisant participants (who scored high on the f-scale) of Adorno's study and stated that Obedience and Authoritarian personality is only a link between 2 variables and therefore cannot be a conclusion because of this? And when? |
Milgram and Alen Elms in 1966 |
|
|
Which 2 psychologists in 1954 apposed Milgram and Alen Elms's argument by saying there could be a 3rd factor involved of no direct link at all? |
Hyman and Sheatsley |
|
|
Which psychologist came up with the Locus of control? And when? |
Julian Rotter in 1966 |
|
|
Allen and Levine stated what about resistance to social influence in 1971? |
That in Asch's study if any one person broke the chain of = answers the chance of resistance increased exponentially |
|
|
At what date did Gamson et al do an obedience study with groups and what percentage of people rebelled? |
1982 88% rebelled |
|
|
Nemeth argued what in 1986? |
That consistency isn't the only important factor when it comes to minority influence |
|
|
Which psychologist et al did a meta-analysis on the importance of consistency and found that minorities who are most consistent are the most influential? And when? |
Wood et al in 1994 |
|
|
Which psychologist created the deviation from ideal mental health description of abnormality in 1958? |
Jahoda |
|
|
What 2 American psychiatrists tried to explain why we get depressed, what dates did they do this and what theories/models did they use? |
Aronn Beck, 1967, Used the Negative Triad to explain depression cognitively. Albert Elis, 1962, Used the ABC Model to explain depression cognitively. |
|
|
Which Psychologist did a study on 65 pregnant women to see if Aaron Beck's theory was correct? And when? |
Grazioli in 2000 |
|
|
What did Gilroy et al do in 2000? |
Used systematic desensitisation to fix 42 peoples phobias to spiders compared to a control group which he didn't give systematic desensitisation. After 33 months the non-control group where less afraid than the control group. |
|
|
What date did Albert Elis create the REBT (Rational emotive behavioural therapy) type of therapy? |
1962 |
|
|
Which psychologist and what date did the case study about acquiring phobias happen. This study studied a story of a woman who acquired a fear of the sound of running water because she was trapped by a water fall and had a traumatic experience. |
Bagby's case study done in 1922. |
|
|
What date did Kaplan do a study on how effective flooding is and what are the results? |
2011. 65% of patients who had one session showed no symptoms when around the phobic stimulus 4 years later. |
|
|
Which psychologist showed that virtual reality works just as well as real life when flooding. And when? |
Anderson in 2013 |
|
|
Which 3 psychologists did studies in to either twins or family... ext concordance rates and what dates where these done? AND Why may results differ when twins are mono-zygotic (share 100% genetic information) |
- Lewis (1936) - 87% concordance on MZ - 47% concordance on DZ - Carey (1981) - 37% concordance between parents - 21% concordance between siblings - Nestadt (2010) - 68% concordance on MZ - 31% concordance on DZ - Results may vary due to environmental factors. |
|
|
What psychologist identified 230 genes in 2013? |
Tylor |
|
|
Wood did what in 2004? |
He stated that 'we have an inbuilt 'security motivation system' to detect danger' 'People with OCD cannot control this. |
|
|
Give 2 strengths and 2 weaknesses to the cognitive approach. |
Strengths: Scientific, Treats mental illness and economic implications Weaknesses: Determinist and machine reductionist |
|
|
Give 2 evaluation points (good and bad) for the Working Model of Memory) |
Good: It explains duel performance and It works with the Multi-store model. Bad: The central executive must be more complex and their is little empirical evidence to support it |
|
|
Which does Godden and Bradley's study lack? Validity or Reliability |
It lacks ecological validity because it doesn't test everyday memory tasks. |
|
|
Give 2 points to evaluate both Lorenz's study and/or Harlow's Study |
Lorenz - Good : Hess (1958), Guiton (1966) Bad : Unethical and Suckin (1965) Harlow - Good : Contact comfort and real world applications Bad : Very unethical and Harlow wasn't aware of what he was doing for 1/2 the time |
|
|
Evaluate Dolland and Miller's Drives theory (1950) |
Good : Works with Operant conditioning Bad : Reductionist, Lorenz and Harlow's studies both counter this theory and it isn't just food which drives animals. |
|
|
Evaluate Bowlby's Maternal Deprivation study (1964) |
Good : Farb, Silver and Spitz all supported it. Levy's rat study (2003) Bad : Rutter (1976), Lewis (1954), Kolvchova (1991) |
|
|
Evaluate Rutters' Institutionalisation study (1998, 2001, 2007) |
Good : Longitudinal study, Supports Schaffer and Emerson, Quinton (1984), Privation is reversible and it can be applied to real life Bad: Low Ecological validity, LT effects aren't clear in research |
|
|
Give Strengths and Weaknesses of Hazan and Shaver's 'Love Quiz' (1987) |
Strength : Weaknesses : Cultural Bias, Post event discscussion, Self reporting, Gender Bias, Not very good questions, Demand characteristics |
|
|
Give 2 good points and 2 bad points towards the study conducted in 1963 which involved electricity. And who was this study conducted by? |
Good : Participants showed signs of psychological stress - this shows it was realistic, Milgram didn't brief the participants - more natural behaviour. Bad : The Good points are unethical , Orne and Holland (1968), Gina Perry (2013), low internal validity. Study was conducted by Milgram (1963) |
|
|
What did Smith and Bond (1998) state about cross culture variations of Milgram's (1963) study?
|
That because most are conducted in cultures much like America they cannot be generalised. E.g. Miranda et al (1981) |
|
|
Did Bickman's study conducted in 1974 support Milgram's study? If so why?
|
It supported Milgram's Obedience study because it showed that uniform can be factor in obedience ratings.
|
|
|
Evaluate the Adorno's study on the Authoritarian personality conducted in 1950.
|
Strengths : Hyman and Sheatsley's (1954) counter argument to Milgram and Allen Elms (1966) Weakness' : Few have this personality so it cannot be generalised, Christie and Jahoda (1954), Milgram and Allen Elms (1966), Greenstein (1969) and a better explanation would be social identity |
|
|
Outline the Working-Model of Memory. EVERY PART (WITH DESCRIPTION) |
|
|
|
Outline the Multi-Store Model of Memory. EVERY PART (WITH DESCRIPTION) |
|
|
|
What does it mean to be Deterministic? And state one approach to psychology which can be criticised for being so. |
For something to be determined it cannot be down to chance. In psychology to be a determinist is to believe nothing is down to chance and everything can be predicted. One example of a deterministic approach is the Behaviourist approach. Because one assumption is all behaviour can be predicted and controlled. |
|
|
Evaluate Interference theory |
Good : It is valid because lab experiments control irrelevant interferences. McGeoch and McDonald (1931). Baddley and Hitch (1977) countered that lab studies are artificial by doing studies with real life situations. Bad : lab studies don't study everyday activities and cannot be generalised. |
|
|
Evaluate the Working model of memory |
Good : Works with the Multi-store model, K.F., duel task performance. Bad : Reductionistic and the Central executive must be more complex. |
|
|
Evaluate the Eye witness Testimony. |
Good : Real life applications, Loftus (1975), Bad : Lab studies done investigating these effects are done artificially, Individual differences (old people are less accurate than young) |
|
|
Define anxiety |
A state of emotional and physical arousal. The emotions include worrying thoughts and feelings of tension. Physical changes include and increased heart rate and sweatiness. |
|
|
Evaluate the effect anxiety can have on the EWT. |
Good : Loftus (1979) Bad : Researchers usually interview real-life eyewitnesses sometimes after the event (Extraneous variables would affect this because the stuff which could happen in-between), Unethical to create anxiety in participants. |
|
|
Evaluate the Cognitive interview. |
Good : Milne and Bull (2002) found that some parts of the CI work better together than others, Bad : Takes time and money to train police to do it, it can create an increase in inaccurate information. |
|
|
Outline one study to do with caregiver-infant interactions. |
Schaffer and Emerson (1964), Feldman and Eidelman (2007) |
|
|
What did Feldman and Eidelman do in 2007? |
They Stated : 'Infants and mothers have a lot of time in intense interaction. Babies go through phases of when they are ready for interactions, caregivers pick up on this 2/3 of the time' |
|
|
Evaluate Care-giver interaction. |
Good : lots of studies like Schaffer and Emerson (1964) and Feldman and Eidelman (2007). Studies are easily controlled (babies cannot run) Bad : It is difficult to tell an infants behaviour (what it is doing/thinking/trying to achieve.) |
|
|
State the stages of Development proposed by Schaffer and Emerson (1946) |
- 1 - Asocial Stage - birth to 2 months - 2 - Indiscriminate attachment - 2-7 months - 3 - Specific attachment - 7 months onward - 4 - Multiple Attachments - shortly after stage 3 |
|
|
Evaluate Schaffer and Emerson's study. And When was it conducted? |
Good : External Validity (done in families own homes), Internal Validity (Longitudinal study) Bad : Cannot be generalised (all low class Glasgow families)+(little sample (60 babies)) Conducted in 1964 |
