French Revolution

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Divine Rights of Kings

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where the King answered to no man. He answered only to God. Able to dictate.

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Absolute Monarchy

Back 2

executive and legislative power directly via the King.

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"Orders"

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First Estate- Clergy 0.5%-1% of people, owned 10% of the land

Second Estate- Noblemen 1-2% owned 30% of the land

Third Estate- some noblemen, workshop masters, peasants, 98% of population (80% were peasants)

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Privilege of the Nobility

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they received pensions, honorific posts, military commission but had no political power

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Peasants

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personal freedom but were mostly run by land owners. They would work for owners so that they could live on land but in return they would have to give the owners half of their earnings. On top of that they had to pay a huge amount of taxes.

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Parlements

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these people were apart from the reign of the King. They were the last legislative body. They did not allow laws that were formed to stop debt right before the Revolution

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Indirect Taxes

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consumption tax, salt tax, tobacco tax

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Direct Tax

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income tax (vingtieme, 5% of income), capitation tax (war expenses), taille (property tax)

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Public Sphere

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where individuals and government workers would go to share ideas about the current state. Coffee houses, libraries, salons were common places where this would take place

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Absolutism

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the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.

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Salic Law

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a law excluding females from dynastic succession, especially as the alleged fundamental law of the French monarchy.

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Remonstrance

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a forcefully reproachful protest

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lit du justice

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In France under the Ancien Régime, this was a particular formal session of the Parlement of Paris, under the presidency of the king, for the compulsory registration of the royal edicts. It was named thus because the king would sit on a throne, under a baldachin.

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Don Gratuit

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was a voluntary contribution to the state, paid by the Catholic church. It was paid in lieu of other forms of taxation. The amount of the don gratuit was decided annually by the church itself

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noblesse d’épée:

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were the noblemen of the oldest class of nobility in France dating from the Middle Ages and the Early Modern periods

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noblesse de robe:

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were French aristocrats whose rank came from holding certain judicial or administrative posts

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Anoblis:

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An anobli was a recently ennobled commoner

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the Ségur Law:

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was a French law that required French officer candidates to produce proof of having at least four generations of nobility. Philippe Henri and Marquis de Ségur sponsored the law, also receiving support from the minister of war and the French Military council.

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Gallicanism

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a movement originating in France and advocating administrative independence from papal control for the Roman Catholic Church in each nation.

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Ultramontanism

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avoring greater or absolute supremacy of papal over national or diocesan authority in the Roman Catholic Church

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Jansenism:

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was a Catholic theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. ... Through the 17th and into the 18th centuries, This was a distinct movement within the Catholic Church.

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Jesuits

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Is a male religious congregation of the Catholic Church. The members are called Jesuits. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents. Monarchies attempting to centralize and secularize political power viewed the these as being too international, too strongly allied to the papacy, and too autonomous from the monarchs in whose territory they operated. They were expelled.

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Necker

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urged the king to call for the Estates General meeting and obtained to double the number of the Third Estate representatives. But he was not able to change the voting process. There was still one vote by Estate instead of a vote by head.

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Why Louis XIV was a bad leader

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Indecisive and susceptible to manipulation by wife, created massive debts, hired Necker who failed to increase taxes and took out more money for the American revolution, Calonne tried to increase public spending, which again failed.

He was unable to rule a monarchy as he made poor decisions.

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Marie Antoinette bad reputation

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Seen as a spy, lesbian, adulterous, meddling with state affairs, Madame Deficit, The Austrian Women

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Cadastre:

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a register of property showing the extent, value, and ownership of land for taxation.

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Assembly of Notables

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as a group of high-ranking nobles, ecclesiastics, and state functionaries convened by the King of France on extraordinary occasions to consult on matters of state. Assemblies of Notables had met in 1583, 1596–97, 1617, 1626, 1787, and 1788.

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Palais Royale

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had print shops and publishing houses that produced a flood of pamphlets, newspapers, and broadsheets on politics. In 1789 Parisians rushed to it to read or hear the latest news, the latest political gossip, the word on the street.

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cahiers de doléances:

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were documents drafted in the lead up to the Estates General in 1789. They contained summaries of public opinion, dissatisfaction and complaint, as well as recommendations to the king.

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Abbé Sieyès

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proposed equal representation of all three orders in government, and asserts that taxes and government policy should affect all portions of society equally. He argues that the first and second estates are simply unnecessary, and that the Third Estate is in truth France's only legitimate estate, representing as it does the entire population. Thus, he asserts, it should replace the other two estates entirely.

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Bastille

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had come to stand for the arbitrary and unjust actions of the king. It stood for injustice, not just of the criminal system but of monarchy itself.

Reasons for this were; This included a poor harvest in 1788 and increasing prices of bread, grain riots in the provinces and one major riot in Paris. Also rumors of an aristocratic plot to hoard grain circulated everywhere.

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Spring and Summer of 1789

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great debt via kings spending, american revolution, Lords took money from peasants as they were land owners and did not turn this money over for tax, they kept it

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The Great Fear

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The Great Fear was a spontaneous campaign of property damage and violence in rural France in July and August 1789. It was fuelled by panic and rumours of a royalist counter-revolution, as well as personal interests. During the Great Fear thousands of peasants ransacked and burned noble chateaux and destroyed feudal records

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National Assembly, August 4th 1789

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The nobles took part in a chain reaction of spontaneous generosity. They tried to outdo one another in pro-peasant declarations. It was fuelled by panic and rumours of a royalist counter-revolution, as well as personal interests. It inspired the nobles of the NA to react (by fear or generosity) by putting forth radical concessions: a) abolition of seigneurial dues b) abolition of the tithe c) abolition of venal offices d) equal taxation e) abolition of privileges of provinces and towns

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Bailliage:

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were districts responsible for electing deputies to attend the Estates General. A bailliage was also an Ancien Régime law court, responsible for hearing criminal and civil matters in a particular district.

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Sénéchaussée:

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jurisdictional boundaries of royal courts were to be used as framework for elections to the Estates General

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Breton Club:

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was an influential political group that co-existed with the Estates General and was the forerunner to the Jacobin Club. Its name was derived from its first members, who were from Brittany. Members of the club played a leading role in the formation and first actions of the National Assembly.

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lettre de cachet:

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were letters signed by the king of France, countersigned by one of his ministers, and closed with the royal seal, or cachet.

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Émigrés:

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An émigré is an individual who flees their homeland, usually to escape political conditions or persecution. In the French Revolution most émigrés were exiled nobles and royalists, some of whom took up arms against the new government.

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National Assembly drafting France's First Constitution

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N.A was too big for a constitutional convention, this convention was open to the public and its many interruptions, the N.A also was worked for the "will of the nation" therefore anyone who was against a pillar would be seen as unpatriotic, it also divided into factions and things intensified as new ideas were thought of

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declaration of the rights of man and citizen

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all man be equal before the law

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language of universal rights

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part of the declaration of the rights of man and citizen-gave the Declaration an aura of universal applicability and made it influential.

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Edmund Burke

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he argued that the French Revolution would end disastrously because it had abstract foundations that ignored the complexities of human nature and society

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despotism

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the exercise of absolute power, especially in a cruel and oppressive way.

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two-house legislature

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The idea of this legislature crumbled under radical pressure as the conservative royalists fell out of power.

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Active citizenship

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those eligible to vote— was granted to men who were French, at least 25 years old, paid taxes equal to three days of an ordinary day-labourer’s wage, and could not be defined as servants

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Passive Citizens

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were those who had no property rights or voting rights. They were entitled to protection by law with relation to their belongings and their liberty, but had no say in the making of government bodies. This group included around three million men in France, as well as women, slaves, children, and foreigners.

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The National Assembly Division in Fall of 1789

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monarchiens- support revolution

radicals or patriotes

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Parisian women march to Versailles on 5 October 1789

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rioting over the high price and scarcity of bread,The market women and their various allies grew into a mob of thousands. Encouraged by revolutionary agitators, they ransacked the city armory for weapons and marched to the Palace of Versailles.

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Consequences for the October Days for the King and The National Assembly

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King was forced to leave Versailles and move to Paris, King was forced to accept Declaration, both King and NA were subject to pressure from citizens

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Augustinian Club

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club were royalists who sat politically on the extreme right. Their group contained many members of the clergy.

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Jacobin Club

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The club radicalised after their shift to Paris in late 1789, as more moderate members left to form new groups like the Feuillants. By 1791 the club had become both democratic and republican, calling for the removal of Louis XVI. Their radicalisation continued during the Reign of Terror.

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Assignats

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These were treasury bills made using the seized church property as collateral. 400 million livres of these bills were issued during this period

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biens nationaux:

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describes property owned by the Catholic church or émigrés that was seized and sold by the state.