Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Culture
|
Thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial ethnic, religious, or social groups; the learned and shared patterns of information that a group uses to generate meaning among its members.
|
|
|
Diversity
|
the fact or state of being different; occurs not only between cultural groups, but also WITHIN cultural groups.
|
|
|
National Standard for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services in Health Care (CLAS)
|
to improve and protect the health of racial and ethnic minority populations through the development of health policies and programs that will eliminate health disparities.
|
|
|
Race
|
groupings of people according to common origin or background and associated with perceived biologic markers.
|
|
|
Ethnicity
|
Relationships b/t individuals who believe that they have distinctive characteristics that make them a group
|
|
|
Ethnocentrism
|
the belief in the superiority of one's own culture and lifestyle.
|
|
|
Xenophobia |
the fear or dislike of people different from one's self |
|
|
Cultural blindness
|
When one ignores differences and proceeds as though they do not exist. |
|
|
Transcultural nursing
|
Focuses on providing care within the differences and similarities of the beliefs, values and patterns of cultures.
|
|
|
Cultural competence
|
Lifelong process in which the nurse continuously strives to achieve the ability and availability to work effectively within the cultural context of a client.
|
|
|
Cultural desire
|
the motivation to "want to" engage in the process of becoming culturally aware, culturally knowledgeable, culturally skillful, and seeking cultural encounters.
|
|
|
Cultural awareness
|
self-examination of one's own prejudices and biases toward other cultures, and an in-depth exploration of one's own cultural/ethnic background. |
|
|
Cultural knowledge
|
Obtaining a sound educational foundation concerning the various worldviews of different cultures
|
|
|
Cultural skills
|
the ability to collect culturally relevant data regarding the client's health in a culturally sensitive manner
|
|
|
Acculturation/Cultural Assimilation
|
When a minority group lives within a dominant group, many of their members may lose the cultural characteristics that once made them different, and their values may be replaced by the values of the dominant culture.
|
|
|
Health
|
The state of well-being considering physical, mental, emotional and spiritual aspects. The health of the individual is intertwined with the health of the family, community and culture/environment in which the individual lives.
|
|
|
Illness and Disease
|
Off balance or disequilibrium b/t the body, the environment, and the believed influences of God or spirits, vectors, stress, etc.
|
|
|
Generalizations
|
Statements about common cultural problems. Usually do not hold true at individual level, and should serve only as openings for individuals to better understand each other. However, usually interpreted as describing all people in the group.
|
|
|
Stereotyping
|
Making the assumption that an individual reflects all characteristics associated with being a member of a group
|
|
|
Magicio-Religious Health Belief View
|
Health and illness are controlled by supernatural forces. Usually the client will believe illness/dz is results of "being bad".
|
|
|
Scientific/Biomedical health belief
|
Life is controlled by physical and biochemical processes that can be manipulated by humans. Illness is caused by germs, viruses, bacteria or a breakdown of the body.
|
|
|
Holistic health belief
|
forces of nature must be maintained in balance or harmony. Human life is one aspect of nature that must be in harmony with the rest of nature. Four dimensions must be in balance: physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual.
|
|
|
Concept of Yin and Yang/Hot-Cold Theory
|
Yin "cold", treatment usually requires yang "hot".
|
|
|
African Americans
|
Health risks: sickle cell anemia, HTN, Heart Dz, cancer, lactose intolerance, DM, obesity |
|
|
Amish
|
Pennsylvania Dutch or German dialects. Need church permission to be hospitalized. Health risks: genetic disorders due to intermarriage, nonimmunization, sexual abuse of women. |
|
|
Asian Americans
|
-Silence valued. -Touching may be unacceptable -Head sacred -Health a state of physical and spiritual harmony. -Yin & Yang -Health risks: HTN, heart dz, cancer, lactose intolerance, thalassemia (blood disorder involving less hgb and fewer RBCs than normal). |
|
|
Hispanics & Latino Americans
|
-Confidentiality is important -Very tactile -Usually Catholic -Health viewed as reward from God, illness is His punishment -Health risks: HTN, heart dz, DM, obesity, lactose intolerance, parasites -Offer to call clergy if needed |
|
|
Native Americans |
-Silence indicates respect -Some groups prohibit touching of body -Spiritual guidance is important -Health usually considered state of harmony -Health risks: ETOH abuse, obesity, heart dz, DM, TB, arthritis, lactose intolerance, GB dz |
|
|
White Americans/Caucasians
|
-Health absence of dz or illness -Rely primarily on the modern western health care delivery system -Health risks: cancer, DM, heart dz, obesity, HTN |
|
|
End of Life Care:
|
Jewish -oppose prolonging life Muslim/Orthodox Jews may discourage autopsy. Muslims permit organ transplant Amish permit organ donation except heart. Buddhists consider donation mercy act. Hindus prefer cremation. Afr Americans: die at home, family highly valued. Asians: dying at home bad luck, organ donation may/may not be allowed. Hispanic& Latinos: family involved in EOL care, vocal expression of grief OK, may refuse procedures that alter body. Native Americans: family meetings to discuss care, some groups may avoid contact with dying. |
|
|
Spirituality
|
Belief in or a relationship with a higher power. Includes: dealing with the unknown or uncertainties in life; finding meaning & purpose in life; being aware of and able to draw upon inner resources and strength; having a feeling of connectedness with oneself and with God/higher being
|
|
|
Agnostic |
a person who doubts the existence of God or a supreme being or believes the existence has not been proven
|
|
|
Atheist
|
denies the existence of God
|
|
|
Monotheism
|
belief in the existence of one God who created the 7 rules of the universe |
|
|
Polytheism
|
belief in more than one God
|
|
|
Judaism
|
-Women considered ritual state of impurity whenever bld coming from uterus. Cannot have contact with husband then. Must bath in mikvah after. Dietary rules: Kosher (no mixing of milk and meat, no consumption of food from animals not slaughtered according to Kosher law; use of separate cooking utensils for milk and meat; dairy served first. Yom Kippur: 24 hour fast Passover: No leavened products eaten Sabbath: observed from sunset Friday until Sunset Saturday. No riding in a car, smoking, turning lights on and off, handling money, using television/telephone. Death: No Euthanasia. Someone should be with them when soul leaves body. Must be buried within 24 hours (Orthodox Jew). 7 day mourning period must be followed by immediate family. No birth control. |
|
|
Christianity
|
Anointing of the sick: performed on any who are ill and request it. Fasting excused during hospitalization. Body not shrouded until penance and anointing. No birth control. Organ donation acceptable. |
|
|
Protestant
|
Anointing of the sick Abistinence from ETOH, tobacco and drugs encouraged. No special death practices. |
|
|
Islam
|
Dietary: no pork or ETOH. Halal meat must be blessed and killed in special way. Death: Family members present to read from Koran and pray with client. Pt's must confess and face Mecca. Family to wash, prepare and place body in position facing Mecca. Autopsy prohibited. Abortion forbidden, no birth control. Washing required at prayer time. Koran only touched by those clean. Women not allowed to sign consent or make decisions. Must be modest and obey husbands. For 40 days after giving birth and during menstruation, women is exempt from prayer. |
|
|
Holistic Health Care |
A system of comprehensive or total pt care that considers the physical, emotional, social, economic and spiritual needs of the person; his or her response to the illness; and the effect of the illness on the ability to meet self-care needs. |
|
|
Holistic Nursing |
Philosophy of nursing that seeks to facilitate patient healing by creating a caring, interactive atmosphere; incorporates energy field principles, patient empowerment, scientific knowledge, and personal interaction to assist patients in becoming whole, integrated individuals. |
|
|
Allopathic Medicine |
mainstream medicine |
|
|
Integrative care |
multidisciplinary, holistic approach to medicine that combines conventional treatments with alternative therapies such as homeopathy or naturopathy |
|
|
Alternative Medicine Systems |
- Traditional Chinese Medicine -Ayurvedic Medicine -Homeopathy -Naturopathy |
|
|
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) |
Premise that the body's vital energy circulates through pathways or meridians and can be accessed and manipulated through specific anatomic points along the surface of the body |
|
|
Ayurvedic medicine |
A system of healing that originated in India. Utilizes diet, detoxification and purification techniques, herbal and mineral remedies, yoga, breathing exercises, meditation, and massage therapy as holistic healing methods. |
|
|
Homeopathy |
A system for treating dz based on the administration of minute doses of a drug that in massive amounts produces sx in healthy persons similar to those of the dz |
|
|
Naturopathy |
Drugless system of care. Uses a variety of therapies including: hydrotherapy, heat, massage, herbal medicine. Whole purpose is to threat the whole person to stimulate and support the person's own innate healing capacity |
|
|
Complementary Therapies |
-Hypnosis -Imagery -Meditation -Music therapy -Art therapy -Prayer -Yoga -Biofeedback -Psychoneuroimmunology |
|
|
Hypnosis
|
An altered state of consciousness characterized by focusing of attention, suspension of disbelief, increased amenability and responsiveness to suggestions and commands, and the subjective experience of responding involuntarily.
|
|
|
Imagery
|
Guided imagery is a program of directed thoughts and suggestions that guide your imagination toward a relaxed, focused state.
|
|
|
Meditation
|
Simple and fast way to reduce stress on the mid and body by refocusing your attention on calming thoughts and your breath. This may include mindfulness meditation, repeating a mantra, or guided imagery or visualization. By reducing the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (which is responsible for the anxiety-inducing "fight or flight" response), meditation can lower your heart rate, slow your breathing, lower your blood pressure, and relax your muscles. Meditation also changes the structure of the cerebral cortex in the brain, which plays a key role in memory, attention, thought and consciousness.
|
|
|
Music Therapy
|
The use of music to effect positive changes in the psychological, physical, cognitive, or social functioning of individuals with health or educational problems. Music therapy is used for a wide variety of conditions, including mental disorders.
|
|
|
Art therapy
|
facilitation of communication through drawings or other art forms.
|
|
|
Prayer
|
Positive association between prayer and improved health outcomes. |
|
|
Yoga
|
Ancient system of relaxation, exercise, and healing with origins in ancient Indian philosophy. Focuses on physical poses, breathing technique, and meditation, with the goal of achieving relaxation, overall health, and improved fitness. Long, deep breathing encourages the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system (the one that lowers blood pressure and slows the pace of breath), allowing for relaxation and healing to take place. Also tones and strengthens your entire body, and especially your core, which is why gentle poses can be a godsend for people with low back pain.
|
|
|
Biofeedback
|
Trains people to improve their health using signals from their own bodies. Sensors are attached to your body to provide instant feedback on things like heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, and muscle tension. After reviewing the results on a monitor, the biofeedback therapist then teaches you mental and physical exercises to control those functions.
|
|
|
Psychoneuroimmunology
|
Study of the interaction of behavioral, neural, and endocrine factors and the functioning of the immune system.
|
|
|
Biologically based therapies
|
-Herbal Medicines/Folk medicine -Nutrition -Aromatherapy |
|
|
Herbal Medicines / Folk Medicine
|
Thought to be more humanistic than biomedical health care. Consultation and tx take place in the community of the recipient, frequently in the home of the healer. It may be less expensive than scientific or biomedical care. The healer often prepares the treatments, for example, herbs to be ingested, poultices to be applied, or charms or amulets to be worn. A frequent component of treatment is some ritual practice on the part of the healer or the client to cause healing to occur. Because folk healing is more culturally based than traditional Western health care, it is often more comfortable and less frightening for the client.
|
|
|
Nutrition
|
the use of food and nutrition to treat illness and dz by boosting the bodies own reserves
|
|
|
Aromatherapy
|
Aromatic essential oils from plants are extracted, distilled, and typically mixed with other substances like oil, ETOH, or lotion, then applied to the skin, sprayed into the air, or inhaled. Inhaling a scent triggers powerful neurotransmitters and other chemicals that stimulate certain parts of the limbic system (which controls emotions and behavior) in the brain, resulting in an improved mood.
|
|
|
Manipulative and body-based therapies
|
-Massage -Chiropractic -Craniosacral therapy -Reflexology -Therapeutic touch -Healing Touch, Reiki |
|
|
Massage
|
Principle "touch is healing", massage involves rubbing the soft tissues of the body, such as the muscles and connective tissues, to release tension or treat injury. There are over 80 different types of massage; some gentle (like Swedish massage) and others very active (like Thai massage) or intense (deep tissue). Aside from being the ultimate in relaxation, massage works on the cellular level to reduce inflammation and promote the growth of new mitochondria in skeletal muscle, stimulating the healing of connective tissues or damaged muscles.
|
|
|
Chiropractic
|
Perform adjustments (manipulations) to the spine or other parts of the body. The goal is to correct alignment problems, ease pain, and support the body's natural ability to heal itself. They may also use other treatments including Heat and ice, Electrical stimulation, Relaxation techniques, Rehabilitative and general exercise, Counseling about diet, weight loss, and other lifestyle factors, dietary supplements.
|
|
|
Craniosacral therapy
|
Cranial bones are interrelated to tissues and fluids in the body and its central nervous system. This gentle form of massage therapy involves finger pressure to manipulate the bones of the skull, lower spine, and pelvis. Some believe that the Craniosacral system, consisting of membranes and fluid that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord, has a rhythm that is felt throughout the body and influences the functioning of the CNS. Using a very light touch, skilled practitioners can pinpoint the sources of stress and help the body self-correct by assisting in the natural movement of the fluid and soft tissue.
|
|
|
Reflexology
|
Targets reflex points on the feet to cause therapeutic changes in the corresponding organs or body systems. Feet are sensitive to pressure, stretch and movement. By stimulating their nerve endings with pressure and massage, the body's flow of vital energy can be unblocked. Pressure may also help release pain-altering endorphins in the body.
|
|
|
Therapeutic touch
|
Process of energy exchange, in which the practitioner uses the hands as a focus to help the healing process. It is based on the idea that humans are a form of energy. When we are healthy, the energy is flowing freely and is balanced. Disease is believed to reflect an imbalance or disturbance of the energy flow.
|
|
|
Healing Touch, Reiki
|
Stemming from a 2500 year old Buddhist practice, this therapy is based on the belief that the "laying on of hands" can strengthen and normalize certain energy fields within the body and reconnect the subject with life energy. The therapist gently touches your fully clothed body or hovers her hands 1 to 2 inches above it. Reiki, known as a type of biofield therapy, works by encouraging the healing processes of the body and mind, and by restoring and balancing the flow of the stagnant energy in the body. The body is thought to regulate the amount of energy it receives and where it goes.
|
