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411 Cards in this Set
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A gender-related sensory alteration in which affected men have difficulty distinguishing between colors.
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"color blindness" OR Color Vision Defecit
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A lack of parallelism of the visual axes of the eyes; this condition is also known as cross-eye.
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Strabismus
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Reducsed visual acuity in one eye, and a type of blindness that can develop when constant strabismus is left uncorrected.
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Amblyopia
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Sensory overload in realation to a sudden chenge in cultural surroundings.
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Culture Shock
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Hearing damage caused by lengthy exposure to loud noise.
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Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
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Hearing loss caused by single exposure to an extremely intense noise.
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Acoustic Trauma
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An ingrowth of the skin of the external layer og the eardrum into the middle ear.
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Cholesteatoma
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Surgical reconstruction of the middle ear, including reconnection of the auditory ossicles.
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Ossiculoplasty
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A surgical procedure to remove the infected portion of the amstoid, remove cholesteatoma, gain access to diseased sturctures and create a healthy, dry ear.
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Mastoidectomy
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Acondition in which the formation of new abnormal spongy bone, especially around the oval window, prevents the conduction of sound from the malleus and incus to the inner ear.
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Otosclerosis
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Removal of the stapes superstructure and part of the footplate and insertion of a tissue graft and suitable prosthesis;this procedure is performed through the auditory canal.
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Stapedectomy
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Misperception of motion of either one's person or the surroundings.
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Vertigo
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Failure of muscle coordination.
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Ataxia
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An involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyes
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Nystagmus
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A triad of symptoms including episodic incapacitating vertigo, tinnitus, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss.
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Meniere's Disease
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Dilation of the endolymphatic space; this condition is associated with Meniere's Disease.
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Endolymphatic Hydrops
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An inflammation of the inner ear that can be either bacterial or viral in origin.
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Labyrinthitis
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The outer layer of the external wall of the eye.
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Fibrous Tunic
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A tough covering seen as the white of the eye and continuous with the dura mater of the brain.
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Sclera
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The transparent portion of the outer layer of the eye, which allows light to enter the eye.
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Cornea
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The middle layer of the external wall of the eye.
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Vascular Tunic
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The pigmented portion of the vascular tunic that contains blood vessels.
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Choroid
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A ring of tissue that supports the lens of the eye.
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Ciliary Body
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A clear structure that is attached to the ciliary body of the eye by way of the iris and that functions to bend and focus light as it enters the eye.
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Lens
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A circular structure that attaches the ciliary body to the lens of the eye.
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Iris
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The circular opening in the center of the iris allows light that has penetrated the cornea to pass through the lens of the eye.
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Pupil
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The inner layer of the external wall of the eye.
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Retina
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Nerve cells in the retina of the eye that are sensitive to changes in light. (Rods and Cones)
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Photoreceptors
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The nerve that carries impulses from the retina of the eye to the brain.
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Optical Nerve
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A watery fluid found in the anterior segment of the eye; it is secreted by the ciliary body and reabsorbed into the sclera.
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Aqueous Humor
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A condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure caused by congestion of aqueous humor in the eye; this in turn leads to optic nerve damage.
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Glaucoma
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A gelatinous fluid that fills the posterior segment of the eye.
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Vitrous Humor
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The single point on the plane of the retina on which light rays are focused; also called the fovea centralis.
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Focal Point
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Vision problems caused by a shortened or elongated eyeball that prevents light rays from focusing sharply on the retina.
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Refractive Errors
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The absence of any refractive error in vision.
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Emmetropia
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Nearsightnedness, or a refractive error in which light rays from a distant object are focused anterior to the retina.
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Myopia
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Farsightedness, or a refractive error in which light rays from a distant object are focused behind the retina; also called presbyopia.
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Hyperopia
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An irregularity in the curve of the cornea that distorts the visual image.
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Astigmatism
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A situation of impaired vision in which in addition to corrective lenses, other devices and strategies are needed; typically defined as a best corrected visual acuity of 20/70 to 20/200.
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Low Vision
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Impaired vision ranging from a best corrected visual acuity of 20/400 to no light perception whatsoever.
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Blindness
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A visual impairment characterized by the complete absence of light perception.
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Absolute Blindness
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A level of vision impairment in which a person has a best corrected visual acuity that does not exceed 20/200 in his or her better eye or a visual field diameter of twenty degrees or less.
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Legal Blindness
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Places in which the lens of the eye is opaque or cloudy.
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Cataracts
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A chronic, degenerative disorder resulting from pathological changes in the pigmentation of the retina; with this condition, there is a painless decrease in central vision that occurs over days, weeks or months.
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Macular Degeneration
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Tiny yellow spots beneathe the retina that are characteristic of age-related macular degeneration.
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Drusen
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A type of age-related macular degeneration in which the outer areas of the retina slowly break down.
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Dry AMD
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A type of age-related macular degeneration in which retinal changes occur abruptly as a result of the proliferation of abnormal blood vessels under the retina.
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Wet AMD
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The internal pressure within the eyeball, which is exerted by the fluid in that space.
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Intraocular Pressure (IOP)
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The seperation of the retinal pigment epithelium from the sensory layer.
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Retinal Detachment
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The most common form of retinal detachment, in which a hole or tear develops in the sensory retina, allowing some of the vitreous humor to seep through the sensory retina and detach it from the retinal pigment epithelium.
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Rhegmatogenous Detachment
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Retinal detachment that results from tension or a pulling force.
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Traction Detachment
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Retinal detachment that result from the production of serous fluid under the retina.
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Exudative Detachment
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One of the tools used in performing a dilated fundus exam in a patient with possible retinal detachment.
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Goldman three-mirror evaluation
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An ocular procedure in which the surgeon dissects the preretinal membranes under direct visualization while the retina is stabilized by an intraoperative vitreous substitute.
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Vitrectomy
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Inflammation of the internal structures of the eye.
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Endophthalmitis
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Scratches to the cornea of the eye.
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Corneal Abrasions
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Infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid margin, which appears as a red, tender, raised area of the eyelid that develops quickly; also known as sty.
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Hordeolum
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The inflammation of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid which appears as a swollen, nontender, raised area that may be reddened.
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Chalazion
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An inflammation of the lid margins and lash follicles; this condition appears as reddened, irritated margins that cause burning and itching.
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Blepharitis
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An inflammation or infection of the cornea.
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Keratitis
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An inflammation or infection of the eye caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, allergens or other agent.
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Conjunctivitis
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Baterial Conjunctivitis
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Pink Eye
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A procedure in which a laser micrscopically adjusts the thickness of a patient's cornea to compensate for vision problems including nearsughtedness, farsightedness and astigmatism.
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Lasik Surgery
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Medications that relax the ciliary muscle of the eye, which causes the pupil to dilate.
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Mydriatics
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Medication that paralyze the iris sphincter.
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Cycloplegics
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Medications that cause pupillary constriction and are used in the treatment of glaucome.
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Miotics
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Translation and organization of sensations from the environment into meaningful information.
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Sensory Perception
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Stimulates a specialized nerve cell known as a receptor.
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Stimulus
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Converts a stimulus into a nerve impulse.
Most respond to only certain stimuli (ex. auditory, visual, tactile) |
Receptor
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The nerve impulse travels to the spinal cord and/or brain by way of the process of ______
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Impulse Conduction
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Refers to the process of receiving stimuli or data.
Can be external or internal to the body. |
Sensory Reception
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Visual Stimuli (sight)
Auditory Stimuli (hearing) Olfactory Stimuli (touch) Tactile Stimuli (touch) Gustatory Stimuli (taste) |
Examples of external stimuli
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Kinesthetic or visceral
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Internal Stimuli
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Provide an awareness of the position and movements of a person's body parts.
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Kinesthetic Stimuli
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The awareness of an object's size, shape and texture based on touch alone.
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Stereognosis
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Stimuli produced by the large organs within the body.
Ex. Sensation of a full stomach. |
Visceral Stimuli
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Describes when a person is at his or her optimal state of arousal.
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Sensoristasis
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Level of arousal at which an individual feels comfortable.
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Optimal Arousal
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Abnormal sensations such as burning or prickling- can also be part of sensory alterations.
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Paresthesias
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Decrease in or lack of meaningful stimuli.
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Sensory Deprivation
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The situation in which a person experiences so many stimuli that he or she is unable to process or manage them.
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Sensory Overload
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Impaired reception and/or perception related to one or more of a person's senses,
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Sensory Deficit
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Modified epithelial cells that act as the primary receptor cells within the ear; these cells are sensitive to both movement and vibration.
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Hair Cells
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The portion of the ear that consists of the external auditory canal and the auricle.
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Outer Ear
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An air filled passage within the outer ear that extends from the external environment to the tympanic membrane.
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External Auditory Canal
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The eardrum
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Tympanic Membrane
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The visible shell-like projection that surrounds the opening of the auditory canal; also called the pinna.
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Auricle
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The portion of the ear that consists of the air-filled cavity between the tympanic membrane and the round and oval windows.
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Middle Ear
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One of the membrane-covered openings that lead from the middle ear to the inner ear.
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Round/Oval Window
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The three bones that connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window; these bones are the: malleus, stapes, incus.
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Auditory Ossicles
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Auditory ossicel attached to the tympanic membrane.
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Malleus
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The auditory ossicle that is attached to the oval window.
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Stapes
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The auditory ossicle that connects the malleus and the stapes.
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Incus
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A tube that connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx and helps equalize pressure within the ear whenever the air pressure of the outside environment changes.
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Eustachian Tube
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The portion of the ear that consists of the cochlea and the semicircular canals.
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Inner Ear
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The organ of sound transduction; a coiled, tubular structure resembling a snail's shell that is filled with perilymph.
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Cochlea
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Tubelike structures within the inner ear that are critical in the maintenance of balance and equilibrium.
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Semicircular Canals
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The nerve that carries umpulses related to sound from the inner ear to the brain.
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Cochlear Nerve
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The nerve that carries impulses related to balance from the inner ear to the brain.
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Vestibular Nerve
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A structure that converts the movement of the hair cells within the cochlea into an electrical impulse that is sent to the brain.
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Organ of Corti
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Hearing loss that results from interference in the transmission of sound through the middle ear.
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Conductive (Middle-Ear) Hearing Loss
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Hearing loss that involves damage to the structures of the inner ear caused by either actions or acquired conditions.
AKA: Perceptive (nerve) Deafness |
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
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Hearing loss that results from interference with the transmission of sound in the middle ear as well as along the neural pathways.
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Mixed Hearing Loss
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Nonorganic hearing loss that is unrelated to dtectable structural changes in a person's hearing mechanisms; usually accompanied by emotional problems.
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Functional (psychogenic) Hearing Loss
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The current general term used to indicate a hearing disability that may range from mild to profound.
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Hearing Impaired
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The term used to describe a person whose hearing disability precludes the ability to successfully process linguistic information, with or without a hearing aid.
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Deaf
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The term used to describe a person who generally, with the use of an assistive device like a hearing aid, has enough residual hearing to be able to successfully process linguistic information through audition.
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Hard-of Hearing
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A form of sensorineural hearing loss that occurs when the hair cells within a person's cochlea begin to degenerate, which typically begins after age 50.
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Prebycusis
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A sensation of ringing, buzzing or other noise in one or both ears.
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Tinnitus
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A balance disorder of aging caused by generalized degenerative changes in the inner ear.
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Presbystasis or Presbyvertigo
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A sensation of fullness or pain in the ear, with or without hearing loss, that is caused by cerumen impaction.
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Otalgia
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An inflammation in the external auditory canal.
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External Otitis
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A debilitating and occasionally fatal infection of the external auditory canal, the surrounding tissue, and the base of the skull; also called temporal bone osteomyelitis.
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Malignant External Otitis
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Masses of the external ear; specifically, small, bony protrusions found in the lower posterior portion of the ear canal.
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Exostoses
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Puncture of the eardrum, usually as a result of trauma, insertion of a foreign object, or improper air pressure within the ear,
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Tympanic Membrane Perforation
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Clear, watery drainage from the ear.
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Otorrhea
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Clear, watery drainage from the nose.
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Rhinorrhea
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Surgical repair of a perforated eardrum that does not heal on its own.
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Tympanoplasty
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Inflammation of the middle ear.
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Otitis Media
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An inflammation of the middle ear that has a rapid and short onset of sign and symptoms and lasts approx 3-6 weeks.
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Acute Otitis Media (AOM)
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An inflammation of the middle ear in which a collection of fluid is present in the middle ear space.
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Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)
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Middle-ear effusion and infection that persists beyond 3 months.
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Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion
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A procedure in which the tympanic membrane is numbed with a local anesthetic and an incision is then made in the membrane to drain purulent or serous fluid and relieve pressure.
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Myringotomy
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A maneuver that opens the eustachian tubes by increasing nasopharyngeal pressure.
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Valsava Maneuver
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Physical changes- can be quantifiably measured and includes things such as dentition, height, weight and bone size.
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Growth
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Changes in behavior over time.
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Development
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A term used to describe various theories that rely on established norms to describe and predict the development of the physical body.
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Biophysical Development
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The development of an individual’s personality, which is an outward expression of his or her inner self.
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Psychosocial Development
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A theory of psychosocial development proposed by Sigmund Freud; this theory is based on the underlying assumption that people are sexual beings from the time of birth onward, and their sexual desires affect their behavior.
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Psychosexual theory
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Location where sexual pleasure is experienced most intensely.
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Erogenous Zone
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Centered on seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
(Present at birth) |
Id
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Represents a person's conscience and tells the person what he or she should do.
(Develops last, neginning in early childhood) |
Superego
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Centered on the reality principle, meaning that it balances the demands of the id and the restrictions of the superego in order to meet the realities of a situation.
(Starts to develop in infancy) |
Ego
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One of the three levels of personality proposed by Freud; this level contains readily available information.
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Conscious Mind
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One of the three levels of personality proposed by Freud; this level contains repressed information that is available only through hypnosis.
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Unconscious Mind
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One of the three levels of personality proposed by Freud; this level acts as the intermediary between a person’s unconscious and conscious minds.
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Preconscious
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Various processes used by the ego to defend a person from daily assaults; examples include repression, projection, regression, and rationalization.
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Defense Mechanisms
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A theory of psychosocial development proposed by Erik Erikson; this theory focuses on nonsexual crises that occur throughout the entire life span, including adulthood.
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Psychosocial Theory
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Development of the ways in which a person thinks; this includes problem solving, reasoning, and communicating.
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Cognitive Development
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The ability to respond to new information by using the strategies one already possesses; this allows for acquisition of knowledge and skills.
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Assimilation
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The ability to use one’s cognitive processes to solve previously unsolvable problems.
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Accomodation
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The ability to handle the demands made by the environment.
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Adaptation
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The process by which a person’s moral behavior changes as he or she ages; during this process, the person also hones the ability to distinguish between what should and should not be done.
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Moral Development
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The process by which a person comes to explain his or her relationship to the universe, as well as the meaning of his or her life.
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Spiritual Development
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Paroxysmal abdominal pain during infancy, which generally causes affected infants to cry and draw their legs up to their abdomen.
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Colic
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A term used to describe inadequate growth resulting from an infant’s inability to obtain or use the calories necessary for growth to occur.
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Failure to Thrive (FTT)
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Failure to thrive as a result of a physical cause, such as AIDS, chronic renal failure, heart conditions, or neurological lesions.
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Organic FTT
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Failure to thrive that results from a cause that is unrelated to disease; this condition is often the result of psychosocial factors.
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Non-organic Failure to Thrive (NFTT)
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A form of non-organic failure to thrive that is unexplained by organic or environmental etiologies.
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Idiopathic FTT
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The sudden death of an infant younger than one year of age that remains unexplained after a complete postmortem examination.
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
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A broad category used to encompass all forms of intentional abuse against a child.
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Child Maltreatment
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A form of maltreatment that is associated with depriving a child of basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing, and medical care.
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Child Neglect
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The deliberate infliction of physical injury on a child by either a parent or a caregiver.
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Physical Abuse
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Violent shaking of an infant that causes whiplash and can result in permanent brain damage or death.
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Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS)
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The use, persuasion, or coercion of a child to engage in sexually explicit conduct or simulation of such conduct.
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Sexual Abuse
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A lack of parallelism of the visual axes of the eyes; this condition is also known as cross-eye.
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Strabismus
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Reduced visual acuity in one eye, and a type of blindness that can develop when constant strabismus is left uncorrected.
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Amblyopia
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65-75 Years
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Young-Old
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75-85 Years
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Old
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85-100 Years
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Old-Old
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Over 100 Years
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Elite Old
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The progressive loss of cognitive function.
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Dementia
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An acute and reversible impairment of cognitive function.
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Delirium
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A broad category used to encompass all forms of intentional abuse against older adults, including physical, emotional, sexual, and financial abuse and violation of an elder’s civil rights
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Elder Maltreatment
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Neglect that is carried out on purpose.
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Active Neglect
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Any situation in which the abuser is not aware that neglect is occurring.
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Passive Neglect
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A publication of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides information and knowledge about how to improve health in a format that enables diverse groups to combine their efforts.
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Healthy People 2010 (HP 2010)
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1. To increase the quality and average length of life in the US.
2. To eliminate health disparities between ethnic groups. |
Goals of HO 2010
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1. Physical Activity
2. Overweight and obesity 3. Tobacco Use 4. Substance Abuse 5. Responsible sexual behavior 6. Mental Health 7. Injury and violence 8. Environmental quality 9. Immunizations 10. Access to health care |
10 Leading Health Indicators in the US:
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State of ease and contentment.
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Comfort
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Itching of the skin with or without a rash.
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Pruritis
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The judgment of one's personal worth.
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Self-esteem
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The part of a person that seeks meaningfulness through intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal connections.
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Spirituality
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Both the physical setting and the family, friends, and significant others that affect a client.
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Environment
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An ability to look beyond oneself and take into account borderline perspectives, activities, and purposes.
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Transcendence
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Communication that is goal oriented, directed by the client, and functions as an intervention designed to achieve patient-centered outcomes.
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Therapeutic Communication
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A relationship in which the nurse and the patient collaborate to promote the patient’s health and solve problems.
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Therapeutic Helping Relationship
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A process that takes into consideration what a person is saying verbally, as well as the nonverbal cues he or she is sending.
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Attentive Listening
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A method of eliciting clearer or more specific information from another person.
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Clarifying
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A technique that helps patients recognize their underlying feelings or state their main concerns.
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Focusing
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A prompt that allows a patient to tell his or her story or express his or her own feelings, pain, concerns, and so forth.
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Open-ended Statements
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Restating the point that another person is expressing.
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Paraphrasing
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Redirecting statements or comments back to another person.
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Reflecting
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A set of nursing behaviors that facilitate effective communication; these include facing the client squarely, adopting an open posture, leaning toward the client, and maintaining eye contact and a relaxed affect.
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Physical Attending
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A barrier to communication that involves making another person prove what he or she is saying.
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Challenging
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A barrier to communication that involves the use of psychologically invasive techniques.
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Probing
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A response that tells a client that the nurse is uninterested or does not have time for him or her.
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Rejecting Responses
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Mentally or behaviorally assigning all people from a certain group fixed traits and inflexible characteristics that are based on prior opinions, attitudes, and interactions.
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Stereotyping
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Giving a response intended to place another person on the defensive.
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Testing
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A trite or superficial attempt at reassuring a client.
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Unwarranted Reassurance
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Use of needles to stimulate certain points of the body.
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Acupuncture
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Use of finger pressure to stimulate certain points of the body.
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Acupressure
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An alternative therapy in which a battery-operated unit delivers a tingling, vibrating, or buzzing sensation via electrodes applied to the skin; this method is believed to decrease pain in the area surrounding the electrodes.
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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
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A technique that helps a person learn how to bring bodily processes normally thought to be beyond his or her command under conscious control.
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Biofeedback
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A process that uses a person’s creative thoughts to achieve a positive effect; here, the client closes his or her eyes and slowly breathes in and out, while imagining that each outward breath carries away pain and discomfort.
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Guided Imagery
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Use of hot or cold moisture in the form of solid, liquid, or gas to trigger the body’s response to temperature and produce comfort.
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Hydrotherapy
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Use of the essential oils of plants to illicit odors that produce specific physiological or psychological effects.
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Aromatherapy
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Whatever bodily hurt the client says exists, whenever the client reports it hurts.
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Pain
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1. The client is always believed.
2. A nurse who suspects pain when a client denies it must explore the concern with the client. 3. Perception is reality. |
Principles of pain:
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Pain of recent onset that is usually associated with a specific illness or injury; this pain lasts less than six months, but it generally disappears after one month.
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Acute Pain
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Constant or intermittent pain that persists over a period of time, usually six months or more.
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Chronic Pain
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Painful
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Noxious Stimuli
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Nonpainful
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Nonnoxious Stimuli
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Acute or chronic pain that results directly from some form of cancer, from cancer treatment, or from some cause that is not directly associated with cancer.
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Cancer-related Pain
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Pain that originates in the subcutaneous tissue or skin.
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Cutaneous Pain
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Pain that comes from injured ligaments, bones, tendons, blood vessels, and nerves.
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Deep Somatic Pain
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Pain that results from the stimulation of pain receptors in the thorax, abdominal cavity, or cranium.
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Visceral Pain
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Pain that is felt in a part of the body that is considerably removed from the tissues causing the pain.
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Referred Pain
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Pain that is initially perceived at its source and then extends to nearby tissues.
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Radiating Pain
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Pain that is the result of disturbances in the peripheral or central nervous system.
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Neuropathic Pain
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A painful sensation perceived in a body part that is missing or paralyzed by a spinal cord injury.
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Phantom Pain
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The phenomenon in which a client feels that a missing body part is still present.
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Phantom Sensation
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Pain that cannot be relieved satisfactorily by the usual approaches, including medications.
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Intractable Pain
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Pain that occurs despite continuous analgesic efforts but is relieved with supplemental medications.
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Breakthrough Pain
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A condition involving prolonged or severe pain that responds poorly to therapy.
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Pain Syndromes
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The least experience of pain that an individual can recognize.
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Pain Threshold
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An individual’s autonomic nervous system and behavioral responses to pain.
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Pain Reaction
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The maximum amount and duration of pain that an individual is willing to endure.
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Pain Tolerance
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A natural or synthetic analgesic with morphine-like actions.
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Opioid
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A receptor that transmits pain sensation.
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Nociceptors
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The physiological processes related to pain perception.
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Nociception
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The system of the body that is involved in the transmission and reception of pain.
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Nociceptive System
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One of a group of endogenous proteins that acts on nociceptive nerve endings.
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Bradykinin
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A chemical that increases the inflammatory response and acts on blood vessels in a damaged area to release chemicals that contribute to the conduction of nociception.
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Substance P
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A type of nerve fiber with a relatively large diameter that rapidly conducts pain impulses; these fibers are associated with the sensation of sharp, pricking pain.
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Myelinated A-delta Fibers
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A type of nerve fiber with a relatively small diameter that transmits pain impulses more slowly; these fibers are associated with the sensation of long-lasting, burning pain.
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Unmyelinated C Fibers
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A type of endogenous opioid that binds to opiate receptor sites in the central and peripheral nervous systems, which results in a decrease or blockage of pain impulses.
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Endorphin
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A type of endogenous opioid that binds to opiate receptor sites in the central and peripheral nervous systems, which results in a decrease or blockage of pain impulses.
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Enkephalins
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A theory that postulates that synapses in the dorsal horns of the spinal column act as gates; these gates close to keep impulses from reaching the brain and open to permit impulses to ascend to it.
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Gate Control Theory
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Relief of pain by way of the stimulation of large-diameter sensory fibers in the dorsal horns of the spinal column; this stimulation closes the gates to pain input and prevents the transmission of pain sensations to the brain.
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Ascending Modulation
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Relief of pain by way of engaging an individual in activities that help distract him or her from the pain sensations that reach his or her brain.
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Descending Modulation
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A feeling of severe distress related to events that challenge the basic emotional and physical intactness of a person.
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Suffering
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A physiological, involuntary need for larger doses of opioids to maintain the original effect.
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Drug Tolerance
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A physiological, involuntary effect manifested by withdrawal symptoms when chronic use of opioids is abruptly discontinued or when an opioid antagonist is administered.
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Physical Dependence
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A behavioral, voluntary pattern characterized by compulsive drug-seeking behavior, leading to an overwhelming involvement in the procurement and use of drugs for purposes other than pain relief.
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Narcotic Addiction
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1. Nonopioid/NSAID
2. Weak Opioid 3. Strong Opioid |
3 steps of pain management, WHO approach:
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An inert substance used in research or clinical practice to determine the effects attributable to the placebo as compared to the pharmacological effects of a legitimate drug or treatment.
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Placebo
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The phenomenon in which a person responds to a medication or treatment because of an expectation that it will work, rather than because it actually does work.
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Placebo Effect
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An approach to pain control that relies on the use of medications from the three general categories of analgesia agents: opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and local anesthetics.
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Multimodal (balanced) Analgesia
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An approach in which clients control the administration of their pain medication within predetermined safety limits; this can be done via continuous infusions of opioid analgesics by intravenous, subcutaneous, or epidural routes.
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Patient-controlled Analgesia
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Administration of medication via the nose, which allows for direct absorption through the vascular nasal mucosa.
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Nasal Administration
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Noninvasive administration of medication by way of absorption through the skin; this typically involves use of a skin patch.
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Transdermal Therapy
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A tube that is placed in a patient’s basilic or cephalic vein just above or below the antecubital space of the right arm; these devices are frequently used for long-term intravenous access when a client will be managing IV therapy at home.
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Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters
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Use of a battery-operated pump to administer a drug through a butterfly needle; this needle is inserted into the anterior chest, subclavicular region, abdominal wall, or outer aspects of the client’s upper arms or thighs.
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Continuous Subcutaneous Infusion (CSCI
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A medical condition or health problem with associated symptoms that require long-term management; here, “long term” is defined as three months or longer.
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Chronic Condition
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A period during which the symptoms of a chronic condition disappear.
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Remission
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A period during which the symptoms of a chronic condition reappear.
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Exacerbation
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The time during which a disease is developing at the cellular level but the affected person has no clinical manifestations.
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Latency Period
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The nine phases through which a chronic condition develops and progresses.
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Chronic Illness Trajectory
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The first phase of the chronic illness trajectory, in which the person is at risk for developing a chronic condition.
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Pretrajectory Phase
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The second phase of the chronic illness trajectory, which involves the initial occurrence of disability or symptoms.
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Trajectory Phase
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The third phase of the chronic illness trajectory, during which the condition has usually been diagnosed and the symptoms are typically under control or managed.
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Stable Phase
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The fourth phase of the chronic illness trajectory, during which symptoms recur, complications develop, or the illness reactivates.
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Unstable Phase
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The fifth phase of the chronic illness trajectory, which is marked by the onset of severe or unrelieved symptoms or complications that necessitate rehospitalization for management.
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Acute Phase
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The sixth phase of the chronic illness trajectory, during which a critical or life-threatening occurrence requires emergency care.
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Crisis Phase
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The seventh phase of the chronic illness trajectory, which marks recovery after an acute event.
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Comeback Phase
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The eighth phase of the chronic illness trajectory, which occurs when symptoms worsen and there is deterioration despite attempts to control symptoms.
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Downward Phase
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The ninth and final phase of the chronic illness trajectory, which is characterized by gradual or rapid decline and eventual failure of life-maintaining functions.
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Dying Phase
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A model that looks at the internal and external components needed by health care organizations to manage chronic illness.
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Chronic Care Model
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The different ways in which individuals respond to changes in bodily functions, define and interpret their symptoms, make assumptions about the changes taking place in their bodies, take remedial actions, and network with both formal and informal systems of care.
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Illness Behaviors
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A learned role often assumed by people who are ill; this role involves exemption from normal social roles, a lack of responsibility for one’s illness, an obligation to get well, and an obligation to find and cooperate with competent care.
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Sick Role
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A learned role often assumed by people with chronic conditions; this role involves a condition of permanent impairment, an expectation to maintain normal social responsibilities (with adaptations if necessary), and an expectation to make the most of one’s current capacity.
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Impaired Role
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1. Refusal to believe the diagnostic test
2. Delay in agreeing to treatment 3. Acting happy and optimistic, despite the revealed diagnosis 4.Physician shopping 5.Insisting that no one is telling the truth 6.Attributing symptoms to a minor illness or condition 7. Asking no questions regarding the diagnosis, treatment, or prognosis. |
Symptoms of Denial
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The process in which a chronically ill client and his or her family broaden their activities to include relationships outside of the home, with the client as an acceptable and participating member of the group.
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Social Reintegration
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An emotional response exhibited by some parents of special needs children throughout the length of the parent-child relationship; here, sorrow tends to recur at each significant developmental milestone and is interspersed with acceptance.
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Chronic Sorrow
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Families tend to be very uncertain and quiet, while fluctuating between trusting and mistrusting providers.
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Silent in Care
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Families tend to have total trust in health care providers. These families want the nurse or physician to make all the decisions, offer numerous positive comments and tend to be easily impressed with information.
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Recipients of Care
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Families have high levels of mistrust and believe that "mistakes can happen".
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Monitors of Care
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Families are similar to monitors of care, but they tend to be less angry. Through determination and hard work they achieve complex coordination of the care needed for the ill family member.
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Managers of Care
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The condition in which a person experiences problems and confusion related to role transitions.
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Role Insufficiency
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A lack of clarity about the expectations of a role.
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Role Ambiguity
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A condition in which the different roles or choices that a person must assume or make are at odds with one another.
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Role Conflict
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Role conflict related to problems outside of an individual; here, the person receives divergent information that makes a good choice seem impossible.
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Intrarole Conflict
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Role conflict related to problems within an individual; here, the person fails to demonstrate appropriate behavior as the result of occupying two competing roles.
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Interrole Conflict
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The condition in which a person feels his or her current role obligations are impossible to carry out.
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Role Strain
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A mark of shame or discredit that arises from widely held social beliefs about illness, behaviors, or appearances.
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Stigma
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A type of normal grieving that involves feelings that are brief but genuinely felt.
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Abbreviated Grieving
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A loss that can be verified by everyone.
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Actual Loss
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The gradual cooling of a person’s body after death.
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Algor Mortis
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A type of normal grieving that occurs in advance of an event.
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Anticipatory Grieving
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The subjective sense of loss people feel after the death of a person with whom they have shared a significant relationship.
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Bereavement
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Permanent loss of cerebral function, apnea, absence of responsiveness to external stimuli, and absence of cephalic reflexes.
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Cerebral (higher brain) Death
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Shallow breaths that alternate with periods of no breathing that last anywhere from five seconds to one minute.
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Cheyne-Stoke Respirations
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A type of dysfunctional grieving in which a person’s emotional response is either consciously or unconsciously suppressed until a later time.
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Delayed Grieving
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A loss that is related to a normal transition in the life of a person.
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Developmental Loss
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The situation in which a person is unable to acknowledge his or her loss to other people.
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Disenfranchised Grief
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Unhealthy or pathological grieving that occurs when strategies to cope with a loss are maladaptive.
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Dysfunctional Grieving
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The overarching response that a person has to a loss, including the behaviors, thoughts, emotions, and physical responses associated with overwhelming sorrow.
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Grief
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The cessation of a person’s apical pulse, respirations, and blood pressure.
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Heart-lung Death
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The support and care of a dying person and his or her family; the overarching goal is to facilitate a peaceful and dignified death for the patient.
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Hospice Care
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A type of dysfunctional grieving in which expected emotional and psychological responses are suppressed, and the person experiences other somatic symptoms.
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Inhibited Grieving
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The behavioral process that helps resolve or alter a person’s grief.
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Mourning
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Healthy, nondysfunctional grieving, which can lead a person to new insights, values, and challenges, as well as a heightened sense of empathy for others.
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Normal Grieving
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A comprehensive approach to the care of clients with life-threatening or severe, advanced illnesses that revolves around the idea that individuals and their families have a right to participate in informed decisions and make their own treatment choices; the focus of this care is on the total person, including his or her physical, emotional, spiritual, and cultural needs.
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Palliative Care
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A loss that cannot be verified by other people.
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Perceived Loss
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The period immediately before death, the actual time of death, and the period immediately following death.
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Perideath Period
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The temporary rigidity of the muscles that occurs approximately two to four hours after a person’s death.
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Rigor Mortis
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A large piece of plastic or cotton material used to enclose a body after death.
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Shroud
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An unanticipated loss.
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Situational Loss
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A type of dysfunctional grieving that involves the presence of chronic grief that is extended in length and severity.
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Unresolved Grieving
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1. Denial
2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance |
Kubler-Ross's Stages of Grieving:
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|
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1. The persons beliefs and values
2. The importance of the lost person, object or function 3. The degree of change required because of the loss |
3 Factor that Impact the Significance of an Individual's Loss
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1. Total lack of response to external stimuli
2. Absence of muscular movement, espescially that associated with breathing 3. Absence of reflexes 4. Flat encephalogram |
World Medical Assembly Criteria for Death:
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|
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1. Self-determined life closure
2. Safe and comfortable dying 3. Effective grieving |
Hospice Desired Outcomes:
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|
1. Respect for patient goals, preferences and choices
2. Provision of comprehensive care 3. Utilization of interdisciplinary resources 4. Acknowledgment of and attention to caregiver concerns 5. Creation of support systems and mechanisms |
Guiding Principles of Palliative Care
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A test for gross auditory acuity in which in which the examiner covers one of the patient’s ears with the palm of the hand and whispers softly from a distance of one or two feet from the uncovered ear; if the client has no hearing problems, he or she should be able to repeat what the examiner says.
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Whisper Test
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A device used to diagnose and measure macular degeneration that consists of a geometrical grid of identical squares with a central fixation point; the client stares at the center of the grid and notes any distortions in the squares.
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Amsler Grid
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A diagnostic tool for assessing hearing loss, in which the client wears earphones and signals when he or she hears a tone.
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Audiometry
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A test in which electrodes are placed on the client’s forehead and acoustic stimuli are made in the client’s ear; the resulting measurements determine at which decibel level a client hears and whether there are any problems along the client’s nerve pathways.
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Auditory Brain Stem Response
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A method that enables the examiner to bring the cornea, lens, and retina into focus in sequential order; here, the room is darkened, the client is given a target on which to focus, and he or she is encouraged to keep both eyes open and steady while the examiner looks for intraretinal hemorrhages, lipid deposits, or soft exudates.
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Direct Ophthalmoscopy
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A method in which the examiner uses a light source affixed to a pair of binocular lenses, which are mounted to his or her head; the scope is used in conjunction with a 20-diopter lens and allows the examiner to see larger but unmagnified areas of the client’s retina.
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Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
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Devices in which dots of primary colors are integrated into a pattern on a background of secondary colors; people whose color vision has decreased may be unable to see the pattern of primary-colored dots.
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Ishihara Polychromatic Plates
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Drooping eyelid.
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Ptosis
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A test that is used to differentiate between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss; here, a vibrating tuning fork is held two inches from the opening of the ear canal and then against the mastoid bone, and the client indicates when the tone is louder and when he or she can no longer hear the sound.
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Rinne Test
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A method in which the examiner uses a binocular microscope mounted on a table to view the client’s eye with a magnification of ten to forty times; cataracts can be evaluated by changing the angle of the light.
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Slit-lamp Examination
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A tool for assessing distance vision; this chart is composed of a series of progressively smaller rows of letters.
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Snellen's Chart
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A procedure that evaluates the client’s intraocular pressure by determining the amount of force necessary to indent or flatten a small anterior area of the eyeball.
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Tonometry
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A test that measures middle ear muscle reflex to sound stimulation and compliance of the tympanic membrane by changing the pressure in a sealed air canal.
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Tympanogram
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A test for lateralization of sound in which a tuning fork that has been tapped by the examiner is placed on the client’s forehead, and the client is then asked to indicate whether he or she hears the sound in the middle of the head, in the right ear, or in the left ear.
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Weber Test
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A type of manipulative, body-based therapy that relies on the use of postural reflexes.
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Alexander Technique
|
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|
|
A philosophy of health that focuses on curing the patient through the use of remedies or procedures that directly counteract his or her disease or condition.
|
Allopathic Model
|
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Care used in place of allopathic remedies.
|
Alternative Care
|
|
|
|
An ancient health system that seeks a balance between a person’s physical, emotional, and spiritual dimensions; here, the primary focus is on healthy lifestyle and nutrition.
|
Ayurvedic Medicine
|
|
|
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A biologically based complementary therapy that uses a combination of flower essences to deal with different emotional states; here, clients take two to four drops of an essence under their tongue or in a glass of water that they sip throughout the day.
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Bach Flower Therapy
|
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|
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The use of magnets in healing.
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Bioelectromagnetics
|
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|
|
Various complementary therapies that use natural products (both botanical and herbal) and nutritional supplements to attain and maintain health.
|
Biologically Based Therapies
|
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|
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Another name for the scientific model of health and illness.
|
Biomedical Model
|
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|
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Conversational dialogue with a higher power.
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Colloquial Prayer
|
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|
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Diverse health system practices and products that are not considered to be a part of conventional medicine.
|
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
|
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|
|
Interventions aimed at the promotion, improvement, and maintenance of health and the prevention of disease using nonconventional means.
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Complementary and Alternative Therapies (CAT)
|
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|
|
Care used in conjunction with traditional allopathic treatment.
|
Complementary Care
|
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|
|
A dynamic process whereby health care professionals become aware of their own culture and personal values; demonstrate knowledge and understanding of a client’s culture; accept and respect cultural differences; and adapt care in a way that makes it congruent with the client’s cultural values and health care beliefs.
|
Cultural Competence
|
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A state of being different or varied in relation to factors such as educational or socioeconomic status, race, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, and religious affiliation.
|
Cultural Diversity
|
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|
|
Recognition of the significance of an individual’s or a group’s cultural beliefs and practices.
|
Cultural Sensitivity
|
|
|
|
The seven areas that are vital elements of every culture: family, marriage, parenting roles, education, concept of health, work, and communication.
|
Cultural Universals
|
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|
|
The learned, shared, and intergenerational transmission of the knowledge, values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a particular group.
|
Culture
|
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|
|
The limiting of privileges or opportunities because of unfavorable attitudes toward an individual or a group.
|
Discrimination
|
|
|
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An unfair difference.
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Disparity
|
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|
|
Complementary therapies that are believed to activate the energy found in living systems.
|
Energy Therapies
|
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|
|
The identification of a person as being a member of a distinct group that has a shared heritage, historical origin, linguistic background, folklore, and sense of peoplehood and interdependence.
|
Ethnicity
|
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|
|
The belief that one’s approaches are the best, superior, or preferred ways to act, believe, or behave.
|
Ethnocentrism
|
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|
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A commitment to someone or something, which provides strength and hope.
|
Faith
|
|
|
|
A type of magicoreligious belief in which the application of various healing rituals brings the power of goodness and healing into a person’s life.
|
Faith Healing
|
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|
|
An energy therapy in which the practitioner uses his or her hands to clear, energize, and balance the patient’s energy fields.
|
Healing Touch
|
|
|
|
Solemn days of religious observance, which may include such practices as fasting, reflection, and prayer.
|
High Holy Days
|
|
|
|
Health care that is provided within a system that offers emotional, spiritual, and social support related to the client’s health beliefs and practices in addition to physical support.
|
Holistic Health Care
|
|
|
|
Nursing that reflects the belief that the entire person, not just the involved body part or organ system, must be treated.
|
Holistic Nursing
|
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|
|
Days specifically set aside for religious observance.
|
Holy Days
|
|
|
|
An alternative medicine system that is based on the concept of similar-like cures; here, a disease is treated by giving extremely small amounts of a substance that makes healthy people show signs of the disease.
|
Homeopathy
|
|
|
|
Social and cultural deprivation, such as limited employment opportunities and inferior education.
|
Invisible Poverty
|
|
|
|
A model of health and illness in which the world is seen as an environment in which the supernatural forces of good and evil dominate; here, illnesses are believed to have supernatural causes.
|
Magicoreligious Model
|
|
|
|
Complementary therapies that integrate the functional and structural aspects of the body using manual methods.
|
Manipulative and Body-based Therapies
|
|
|
|
Moments of silence focused on sound, certain aspects of the divine, or perhaps on nothing at all.
|
Meditational Prayer
|
|
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Complementary therapies that involve behavioral, spiritual, and social approaches to health; examples include hypnosis and use of imagery.
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Mind-Body Therapies
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A set of guidelines developed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health to help providers implement culturally sensitive practices and improve communication with clients.
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National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services in Health Care (CLAS Standards)
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A model of health and illness that views human life as only one of many forces of nature; in this paradigm, all of the forces of nature should be kept in balance or harmony, because breaking the laws of nature creates imbalance, chaos, and disease.
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Naturalistic (holistic) Model
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Nursing that reflects the belief that the entire person, not just the involved body part or organ system, must be treated.
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Holistic Nursing
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Days specifically set aside for religious observance.
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Holy Days
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An alternative medicine system that is based on the concept of similar-like cures; here, a disease is treated by giving extremely small amounts of a substance that makes healthy people show signs of the disease.
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Homeopathy
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Social and cultural deprivation, such as limited employment opportunities and inferior education.
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Invisible Poverty
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A model of health and illness in which the world is seen as an environment in which the supernatural forces of good and evil dominate; here, illnesses are believed to have supernatural causes.
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Magicoreligious Model
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Complementary therapies that integrate the functional and structural aspects of the body using manual methods.
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Manipulative and Body-based Therapies
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Moments of silence focused on sound, certain aspects of the divine, or perhaps on nothing at all.
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Meditational Prayer
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Complementary therapies that involve behavioral, spiritual, and social approaches to health; examples include hypnosis and use of imagery.
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Mind-Body Therapies
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A set of guidelines developed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health to help providers implement culturally sensitive practices and improve communication with clients.
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National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services in Health Care (CLAS Standards)
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A model of health and illness that views human life as only one of many forces of nature; in this paradigm, all of the forces of nature should be kept in balance or harmony, because breaking the laws of nature creates imbalance, chaos, and disease.
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Naturalistic (holistic) Model
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An alternative medicine system that tries to cure illnesses using natural substances such as plants rather than medications.
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Naturopathy
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A request for intercession or cure.
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Petitionary Prayer
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An energy therapy in which low-frequency stimulation is applied to the body to obtain desired results.
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Physioacoustics
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Preconceived ideas or opinions about a group, individual, or culture that are not based on facts and that limit a person’s ability to acquire a complete and accurate understanding of a culture, an individual, or an event.
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Prejudice
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A mind-body therapy that studies the mechanisms that turn thoughts and feelings into chemical and neurological reactions.
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Psychoneuroimmunology
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Energy produced from air and food; a key component of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Qi
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Classification of humans based on certain biological characteristics, such as skin color, facial features, blood type, or hair texture.
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Race
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A program supported by a number of professional nursing organizations that strives to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality, screening programs, and chronic illnesses.
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Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH)
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The idea that people from different racial groups can also be classified in terms of intellectual, mental, or physical capabilities that make some groups intrinsically superior or inferior to other groups.
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Racism
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An energy therapy in which practitioners use specific hand placements over organs and focus on seven major energy centers in the body; healing is believed to occur as energy passes from the practitioner to the patient.
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Reiki
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A type of faith that is associated with a particular organization, set of beliefs, and set of rituals and practices.
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Religion
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Use of memorized prayers that can be repeated.
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Ritual Prayer
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Images and objects that are used to protect, comfort, provide strength, and remind an individual of his or her faith.
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Sacred Symbols
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Writings that provide the basic set of beliefs for a religion and are often used to enrich the religion’s holy days.
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Sacred Writings
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The prevalent paradigm found in Western health care settings, which views illness as a cause-and-effect situation, considers the human body to function much like a machine, and believes all of reality can be observed and measured.
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Scientific Model
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The part of a person that seeks meaningfulness through intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal connections.
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Spirituality
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Mentally or behaviorally assigning all people from a certain group fixed traits and inflexible characteristics that are based on prior opinions, attitudes, and interactions.
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Stereotyping
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A group within a larger culture that may not hold all of the values of the dominant group.
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Subculture
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An energy therapy in which the practitioner modulates the patient’s energy field without physically touching the patient.
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Therapeutic Touch
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A type of manipulative, body-based therapy that relies on the use of gentle, rhythmic movements.
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Trager Therapy
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A lack of money or material resources.
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Visible Poverty
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A traditional Vietnamese practice in which a coin is held on edge and repeatedly rubbed lengthwise on a patient’s oiled skin to rid the body of disease.
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Coining
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Health care practices that are harmful to an individual.
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Dysfunctional Practices
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Health care practices that are seen as beneficial to health.
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Functional Practices
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A patient’s beliefs concerning the causes of and appropriate treatments for illness; these beliefs often evolve from a person’s shared cultural values, the transmission of which is generally unconscious.
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Health Care Beliefs
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The behaviors that a person or group habitually or customarily employs when health or illness are involved.
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Health Care Practices
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Health care practices that have no immediate positive or negative effect on a client’s health status.
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Neutral Practices
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An individual’s direct involvement in an activity that will promote health.
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Active Health Promotion
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Groups of people with some common characteristic, such as age, economic status, cultural background, gender, or area of residence.
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Aggregates
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Active attempts to identify persons with a disease.
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Case Finding
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A group of people that can be defined in terms of function, location, or physical or emotional commonalities but that always features three consistent elements: patterned social interactions, common identity or shared goals, and maintained group orientation.
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Community
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A field of nursing that focuses on the acute and chronic care of individuals and families, with the goals of enhancing clients’ capacity for self-care and promoting client autonomy in decision making.
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Community-based Nursing
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A field of nursing that focuses on the health needs of the aggregate or group, with the goals of prevention of illness and injury and the promotion of health.
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Community Health Nursing
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The art and science of moving people toward a state of optimal health.
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Health Promotion
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An element of primary prevention that emphasizes shielding or defending the body from injury.
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Health Protection
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A field of nursing that provides skilled nursing care to ill individuals in their home environment.
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Home Health Nursing
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An individual’s role as an inactive participant in an activity that will promote health.
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Passive Health Promotion
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The avoidance of disease; more specifically, everything possible to prevent the development or the progression of a disease at any point in time.
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Prevention
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Prevention efforts that precede disability or dysfunction and encourage people to be aware of optimal health and methods for improving their health status.
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Primary Prevention
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A field of nursing that provides care to individuals and families with a community focus.
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Public Health Nursing
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The early diagnosis and prompt treatment of disease; this also encompasses approaches that limit the disabilities associated with disease processes.
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Secondary Prevention
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Projects, such as “video clinics,” that provide information and health care services to people in rural, remote, or underserved areas.
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Telehealth
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Projects in which nurses provide client teaching and health promotion interventions to clients in distant areas.
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Telenursing
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The restoration of health, rehabilitation, and the prevention of disease recurrence.
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Tertiary Prevention
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A nurse who tends to focus on vulnerable populations, providing clients with direct care in their homes and teaching them preventative strategies to decrease the occurrence and recurrence of illnesses.
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Visiting Nurse
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