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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the multicellular body the immediate environment of most cells is... |
The body fluid |
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Cells |
Form a working animal body through their emergent properties which arise from successive levels of structural and functional organization |
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Tissues |
Groups of cells with similar appearance and a common function, composed of cells |
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Organs |
Organized groups of tissues into functional groups |
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Organ system |
Groups of organs that work together providing an additional level of organization |
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Integumentary system |
Protects against infection and helps regulate body temperature (includes the skin (which is an organ) |
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Can organs belong to more than one organ system? |
Yes, the pancreas belongs to the endocrine and digestive system |
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Four main types of tissue |
1) epithelial 2) nervous 3) muscle 4)connective |
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Epithelial tissue |
Sheets of closely packed cells that covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities |
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Functions of epithelial tissue (2) |
1) acts as a barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss 2) forms active interface with the environment |
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Epithelium |
Lines the intestines and secrets digestive juices and absorbs nutrients |
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All epithelia are... |
Polarized (has two sides) |
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Apical surface |
Faces the lumen (cavity) of outside of the organ, exposed to fluid or air |
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Basal lamina |
Dense mat of extracellular Matrix that separates epithelium from the underlaying tissue |
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Nervous tissue |
Functions in the receipt, processing and transmission of information |
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Neuron |
Basic unit of the nervous system receives nerve impulses from other neurons via it's cell body and dendrites transmits impulses via axon extensions |
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Glial cells (glia) |
Nervous tissue support cells |
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Glial cell function |
Help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons and modulate neuron function |
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Types of muscle tissue (3) |
1)skeletal 2) cardiac 3)smooth |
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Proteins that enable muscles to contract... |
Actin and myosin |
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Skeletal muscle |
Responsible for voluntary movement |
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Cardiac muscle |
Forms the contractive wall of the heart |
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Smooth muscle |
Responsible for involuntary activity |
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Connective tissue |
Cells scattered through an ecm forming a web of fibers embedded in a liquid foundation |
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Types of connective tissue (6) |
1) loose 2) fibrous 3) adipose 4) blood 5) bone 6) cartilage |
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Loose connective tissue |
Holds skin and other organs in place |
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Fibrous connective tissue |
Found in tendons and ligaments |
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Adipose connective tissue |
Stores fat |
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Blood connective tissue |
Cells suspended in plasma |
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Bone connective tissue |
Hard mineral of calcium magnesium and phosphate ions in a matrix of collagen |
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Metabolic rate |
The sum of all energy an animal uses at a give time |
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Components of standard metabolic rate (4) |
1) ectotherm 2) at rest 3) post absorptive (empty stomach) 4) specific temperature |
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Basal metabolic rate components (4) |
1) endothermic 2)at rest 3) post absorptive (empty stomach) 4) it's their homeostatic set point |
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Food= |
Chemical energy |
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Do all animals have a minimal metabolic rate for functions? |
Yes |
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All hormones are transported through the.. |
Bloodstream |
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Bioenergetics |
The flow and transformation of energy in an animal that determines nutritional needs |
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Glucose homeostasis |
The synthesis and breakdown of glycogen to maintain metabolic balance and energy storage. |
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Catabolism |
the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism. Cr |
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Most CO2 is released in... |
The citric acid cycle |
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Can basal metabolic rate be measured at any temperature |
No |
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Order of negative feedback system |
Set point-sensor-effector |
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Sensor |
Senses the deviation from set point |
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Effector |
Does an action to counter the deviation from set point |
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Heat in the counter-current exchange moves from... |
Hi to low |
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Blood in the artery moves... |
Away from the heart |
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Blood in the veins move... |
Back to the heart |
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Long term adjustments involve a... |
Change in set point |
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Polikilotherm |
ectotherms |
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How does Sa:vol affect animal physiology |
total metabolic rate is higher the larger you are |
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What things affect metabolic rate (5) |
1) age 2) sex 3) temperature 4) size 5) stress |
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Relationship between body size and metabolic rate |
As body size goes up metabolic rate goes up |
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Mass specific metabolic rate |
As the size goes up the mass specific metabolic rate goes down but the total metabolic rate goes up |
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Example of the difference between total metabolic rate and Mass specific metabolic rate (in regard to eating) |
Small animal needs to eat more per gram while a bigger animal needs to eat less per gram |
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Why do smaller animals have higher mass specific metabolic rate |
Because of their bigger surface area to volume ratio they need to spend more energy on heat production |
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If two organisms are the same size will they likey have the same mass specific metabolic rate |
Yes |
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Total metabolic rate changes the most in regard to... |
Activity |
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How do endotherms generate Heat |
By breaking bonds and through cellular work |
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Effect of leaky membranes (in endotherms) |
They have to burn more glucose to create more ATP and more heat making them eat more |
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Is a homeostatic set point within the thermal neutral zone for endotherms |
Yes |
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Can you go below the thermoneutral set point? |
No |
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What happens to the thermal neutral zone when an animal grows a thick coat |
It shifts |
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The successive level of structural and functional organization of an animal body |
Cells-tissue-organs-organ system |
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How does signaling occur within the endocrine system |
Through the bloodstream |
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Speed and duration of endocrine system signals |
Limited to cell that have a receptor for the signal and it takes seconds so it's slower but it's longer lasting |
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How signaling occurs in the nervous system |
Through the Axon |
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Speed and duration of nervous system signals |
Limited by connection to axon Junctions but it's fast |
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Does a positive feedback loop have a set point |
No |
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Feed-forward |
Body knows a stimulus is going to happen |
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Acclimatization (3) |
1) reversible. 2) days to months to happen but it's within a lifespan 3) adjustments |
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Adaptation |
1) genetic 2) takes multiple Generations 3) not reversible |
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Steps of cellular respiration (4) |
1) glycolysis 2) pyruvate oxidation 3) citric acid cycle 4) oxidative phosphorylation |
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Do all animals have the minimum metabolic rate for functions |
Yes |
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To measure metabolic rate you can(2) |
Measure the amount of carbon dioxide put off what calculate the food consumption |
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Glucose homeostasis |
The synthesis and breakdown of glycogen to maintain metabolic balance and for energy storage |
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Making water in cellular respiration |
Produces Heat |
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Is the standard metabolic rate taken within the thermoneutral |
No, the atmospheric temperature determines a metabolic rate |
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endotherm |
all internal and only regulates body temperature |
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ectotherm |
controls temp through behavior |
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regulator |
internal temp is different than environmental temp.can regulate more than body temp. |
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conformer |
conforms to environment |
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homeotherm |
constant temp |
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heterotherm |
changing temperture |
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regional/ spatial heterotherms |
heats specific body parts (moth flapping wings before take off) |
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Temporal heterotherms |
time specific (of day or year) |
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radiation |
heat transmitted by light |
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conduction |
transfer of heat from a solid |
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convection |
transfer of heat through liquid |
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evaporation |
only heat loss ; phase change |
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acclimatization vs adaptation |
1) during life time; long term adjustment 2) genes over a generation |
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correlation between form and function start at the .. |
molecular level |
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OSMOREGULATION
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Cells require a balance between uptake and loss of water
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Osmolarity
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the solute concentration of a solution, determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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Osmoconformer |
the organism's cells is equal to the osmotic pressure of their surrounding environment |
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Osmoregulators |
tightly regulate their body osmolarity, maintaining constant internal conditions. |
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vasoconstriction |
the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure. |
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feedforward |
anticipation of a stimuli that changes the set point |
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Negative feedback loop |
prevents excessive pathway activity |
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feedback control |
maintains the internal environment |
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countercurrent exchangers |
reduces heat exchange (no energy used) |
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arteries and veins are... |
close together |
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physiological processes are... |
temperature sensitive |
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phsiological |
the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
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thermoregulation |
the maintenance of body temp within a comfortable range |
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Thermoregulating endotherms |
homeotherms |
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Homeotherms |
keep a constant temp |
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heterotherm |
diffrent thermal relations |
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types of heterotherms (2) |
1)spatial 2) temporal |
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spatial heterotherms |
fluctuating temp within the body |
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temporal heterotherm |
different temps throughout certain periods of time |
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osmolarity |
the solute concentration of a solution |
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osmoconformers |
changing concentration of solution in accordance with environment |
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osmoregulartor |
maintains constant concentration of solution |
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as weight specific metabolic rate increases the mass of the animal |
decreases |
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The nervous tissue develops from the |
ectoderm |
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sensory input (afferent) |
sensory coming in through the peripheral |
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integration |
processing center of the nervous system |
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effector (efferent) Motor output |
sensory neuron going out |
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structure of neuron |
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voltage |
charge difference between 2 points |
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membrane potential |
charge difference across the membrane |
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resting potential |
membrane potential of resting neurons maintained by the sodium and potassium pump |
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The negative charge is |
inside of the membrane due to K+ |
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are there more K+ or Na+ leaky pumps? |
K+ |
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graded response |
higher stimulus results in more gated channels opening |
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hyperpolarozation |
potassium flowing out (graded response) |
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deplorazation |
salt rushing in (graded response) |
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graded responces |
weaken over time |
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all or nothing responces |
triggers action potentials |
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action potention |
triggered by depolarization that reaches a threshold |
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K+ doesn't flood out because ... |
of the charge |
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why is there an undershoot in action potential |
the k+ lags opening and closing |
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salt doesn't rush out because |
of an inability |
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refractory period |
time when another action potential cannot be sent |
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increased speed in action potential caused by |
insulation cell and increase in diameter |
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synapse |
the space |
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ACH (acetylcholine) |
neurotransmitter |
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formula for wsmr |
total mr/weight |
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lct |
lower critical temp |
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uct |
upper critical temp |
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bmr is taken... |
inside thermal neutral zone |
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smr is taken... |
at any temp |
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neurons |
networks of nerve cells |
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dendrites |
recieve signals |
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cell body |
brings the signal in and contains the organelles |
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axon hillck |
send the signals to open the gates |
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axon |
sends the action potentials |
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synaptic terminal |
sends the signal to other neurons |
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myelin sheath |
made up of gillial cells, provides insulation |
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integration (cns or pns) |
cns |
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efferant (cns or pns) |
cns |
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afferant (cns or pns) |
pns |
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do all animals have nervous systems? |
yes |
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can bmr be measured at any time? |
no |
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temporal summation |
signals sent from neurons close together in time triggering an action potential |
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spatial summation |
signals sent from diffrent neurons at the same time triggering an action potential |
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the hypothalamous |
has a high level of sensory receptors |
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The sodium potassium pump is powered by |
Atp hydrolysis |
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When K+ rushes out the inside if the cell... |
Becomes more negative |
