Forensics- Ch. 1 Intro To Forensic Science

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criminalistics

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Another name for Forensic Science

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forensics

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The study and application of science to matters of the law

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deductive

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Type of reasoning used to draw conclusions from evidence

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pathology

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Type of Forensic Science that deals with autopsies and determining cause of death

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odontology

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Type of Forensic Science that deals with body identification using dental records

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toxicology

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Type of Forensic Science that deals with identification of drugs and poisons

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anthropology

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Type of Forensic Science that deals with identification of victims based on skeletal remains

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serology

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Type of Forensic Science that deals with body fluid evidence, such as urine, blood, and semen

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entomology

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Type of Forensic Science that uses insects to determine time and location of death

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engineering

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Type of Forensic Science that determines causes of car accidents and building collapses

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computer science

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Type of Forensic Science that deals with identity theft and other electronic crimes

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trace

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Evidence found in small quantities

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latent

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Fingerprints that are not visible

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polygraph

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A lie detector test

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sound spectrograph

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A machine that creates a unique voiceprint of a person's voice or other sounds

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chain of custody

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The paper trail that documents the possession of evidence collected from a crime scene

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FBI

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Maintains the largest crime lab in the world

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DEA

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Crime lab that handles drugs seized in federal cases

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ATF

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Crime lab that handles weapons, explosives, cigarettes, alcoholic beverages, and any related taxes

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BCI

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Ohio's official crime lab

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London

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The location of Ohio's Bureau of Criminal Investigation Headquarters

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China

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Location of first case ever recorded using forensic science

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Orfila

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Known as the Father of Forensic Toxicology

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Bertillon

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Used body measurements to identify criminals before fingerprinting was established

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Sherlock Holmes

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Famous detective in literature and film

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Galton

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Proved the uniqueness of fingerprints and wrote the first fingerprinting manual

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Landsteiner

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Discovered ABO blood groups

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Vollmer

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Established the first crime lab in the US

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statutory

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This type of law is based on the Constitution

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common

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This type of law is based on judicial opinions and precedents

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civil

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Private law

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criminal

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Public law

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misdemeanor

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A minor crime, such as battery

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felony

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A major crime, such as murder

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equity

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A type of preventative law, such as the creation of restraining orders

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Bill of Rights

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Part of the US Constitution which protects individual rights

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probably cause

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This must be established in order for police to obtain a search or arrest warrant

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Miranda

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Warning given to arrestees that informs them of their rights

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double jeopardy

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When someone is repeatedly tried for the same crime in the same court

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no contest

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A plea that neither admits nor denies committing a crime

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indict

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To formally accuse a person of a crime in court

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plea bargain

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To plead guilty to a lesser crime to avoid court

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ballistics

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Crime scene unit that matches bullets and casings to specific firearms

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1st

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WHICH AMENDMENT? Freedom of Religion, Speech, and Press, the Right to Assemble Peaceably and to Petition the Government "for a redress of grievances."

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3rd

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WHICH AMENDMENT? Quartering of Troops- "No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law."

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9th

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WHICH AMENDMENT? Non-Enumerated Rights or "Rule of Construction of the Constitution"- "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people."

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2nd

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WHICH AMENDMENT? Right to Keep and Bear Arms- "A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed."

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5th

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WHICH AMENDMENT? Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-Incrimination, Due Process

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10th

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WHICH AMENDMENT? States' Rights- Rights not explicitly delegated to the Federal Government in the Constitution are reserved to the States or to the People.

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7th

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WHICH AMENDMENT? Common Law Suits -Right to a Trial by Jury

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4th

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WHICH AMENDMENT? Search and Seizure- "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."

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8th

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WHICH AMENDMENT? No Excessive Bail or Fines or Cruel and Unusual Punishment- "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."

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6th

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WHICH AMENDMENT? Criminal Prosecutions - Right to a speedy public trial by an impartial jury, to confront witnesses and to counsel for defense.

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preliminary

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A hearing before a judge to determine whether a person charged with a crime should be held for trial; also known as an evidentiary hearing