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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 Parts in Forensic Science Lab
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Serology
Ballistics Documents Fingerprinting Toxicology |
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Information Sources for Investigation
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Victim
Witness Suspect Public Crime Scene Physical Evidence |
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Progression of Forensic Science
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60s- interrogation
70s - motive means opportunity 80s - profiling 90s - science |
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Investigation team
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Responding officer
Detective Unit Forensic Lab Forensic Scientists ME DA General Public |
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Postmortem changes
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Livor mortis (1/2 hour, 2 –3 hours, 6-7 hours)
No bleeding after death (oozing) Bruising requires circulation Rigor mortis (10-12 hours) Cooling of body Gas formation Maggots Decomposition Stomach contents |
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circumstantial evidence:
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facts of circumstance which tend to implicate a person in a crime
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collateral evidence
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Items do not directly associate the suspect with the crime
Give authorities information regarding suspect’s : life style, interest or hobbies May be important for intent |
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burden of proof in:
civil and criminal trials |
civil: preponderance of evidence
criminal: beyond a reasonable doubt |
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forensic pathology
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a branch of medicine that applies the principles and knowledge of the medical sciences to problems in the field of law
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4 parts of an autopsy
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external exam
internal exam microscopic exam toxicological analysis |
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cause of death:
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any injury or disease that produces a physiological derangement in the body that results in the individual dying
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manner of death:
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how the cause of death came into being
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5 types of manner of death
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natural
accident suicide homicide undetermined |
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natural death
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death caused exclusively by disease
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accidental death
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death caused by violent means, not due to the intentional or criminal act by another person
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3 indicators to time of death
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algor mortis
rigor mortis livor mortis |
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rigor mortis
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stiffening of the muscles after death
due to lack of ATP in the muscle |
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when does rigor mortis usually begin and become resolved
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begin: 2 to 4 hours after death
resolves: 36 hours |
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algor mortis
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decrease in body temperature after death
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livor mortis
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purple/red discoloration in the dependent areas of the body due to accumulation of blood after cardiac activity has ceased
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postmortem change - autolysis
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skin slippage
bullae formation hair and nails don't grow marbling: intravascular hemolysis |
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6 Reasons: Importance of entomology
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time since death
season of death: (pupae and exoskeleton may remain for months) geographic origin of the remains: some species range in certain areas movement or storage of the remains evidence of trauma presence of drugs |
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characteristics of entrance wounds
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round, oval elliptical
usually has a ring of abrasion may have micro tears margins can not be re approximated |
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characteristics of exit wounds
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various shaped
rare to have a surrounding abrasion tissue not lost margins of the wound can be re approximated |
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characteristics of contact gunshot wounds
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tissue surrounding the wound may have a cherry red color
wounds may be stellate or cruciform may have a muzzle print |
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characteristics of close range intermediate range wounds
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gunpowder stipple cant be wiped away
soot can be wiped away most handguns wont deposit soot beyond 12 inches gunpowder stipple does not generally occur beyond 3 feet |
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4 types of blunt force injury
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abrasions
contusions lacerations (caused by blunt object) fractures |
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physical evidence:
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any and all objects that can establish a crime has been committed or can provide a link between a crime and its perpetrator
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individual characteristics:
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evidence that can be associated with a common source with an high degree of probability (fingerprints, DNA)
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class characteristics
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evidence that is associated only with a group and never with a single source (paint, blood, hairs, fibers)
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hacking culture began when and where?
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began with telecommunication at MIT in 1960s
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first major worm
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"morris" worm - used to slow down computers
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proxy servers:
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provide wrong IP address, used for privacy
if server has logs can be traced |
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anonymizers
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email servers that strip off ID data
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steganography:
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The art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one apart from the sender and intended recipient even realizes there is a hidden message.
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skimming:
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stealing credit card or debit card numbers by capturing the info in a data storage device
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phishing:
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stealing personal info via email or phone by posing as legit companies
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biomechanics
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the study of biological structures as mechanical systems
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applications of biomechanics
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automotive safety (crash tests)
safety/sports equip (helmets) prosthetic design (joint replacements) athletic performance (optimizing golf swing) human tissue research (fracture risk) diagnostic equipment surgical technique forensic biomechanics (understanding how injury occur) |
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types of long bone fracture
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compression
shear bending torsion |
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how is human tolerance data characterized
(4 ways) |
force
velocity acceleration deformation |
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Questions injury mechanisms can answer
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how did injury occur
what caused it where did it occur when did it occur |
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Types of cases an ME gets
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all accidental or unexplained deaths w/i city limits
natural deaths where doctor wont sign DC, decedent is unknown or family wont take responsibility accidents outside city where to where brought to a city hospital and died there |
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toxicology:
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the study of poisons and an extension of pharmacology
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personnel in tox lab
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chief toxicologist (phd in tix & 5 yrs exp)
toxicology supervisor (ms in tox/chem & 3 yrs exp) chemists (BS chemistry) chemical tech (15 college creds of chem) |
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chief toxicologist responsibilities
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determine wether or not drugs caused or contributed to the cause and/or manner of death
testify in court to lab results and interpret results coordinate with outside agencies coordinate sendouts for paternity testing |
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3 steps in dealing with specimens for drug evidence
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screening
identification, confirmation quantitation |
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whats the goal of screening specimens for drugs?
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to show the presence of or to eliminate the presence of a class of drugs in the medium in question
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cases that get "the works"
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overdoses, accidental or intentional
drug deaths siezure disorders, vehicular drivers, accidents at work pending cases |
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3 major areas of practice of entomology
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medicolegal - insects that infest human remains
urban- insects that effects man and his enviornment stored product insects- insects that infest food |
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3 types of insects attracted to decomposing body
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necrophagous (blowflies) maggot like
predators and parasites (feeds on blowflies) omnivorous (feeds on body and parasites) |
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PMI:
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post mortem interval (time of colonization to discovery)
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PMSI:
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post mortem submersion interval
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important flies:
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Warm weather flies
Black soldier flies Greenbottle flies Screwworms Bluebottle flies |
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important beetles
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scavengers
predators |
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If the corpse is floating collect
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fly larvae
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if corpse is submerged collect
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aquatic organisms
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in mass disasters, the first dental team does what?
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systematically looks for jaw and tooth fragments (places flags there for later collection
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in mass disasters, the second dental team does what?
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performs the postmortem dental examination in the morgue
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in mass disasters, the third dental team does what?
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collects the antemortem records
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in mass disasters, the fourth dental team does what?
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puts the antemortem findings and postmortem findings in a computer
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in abuse cases is the victim survived bite mark analysis is needed within how many hours?
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eight hours.
In deceased victims bite mark analysis is easier |
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antemortem bite marks:
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create a great deal of bruising
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agonal or perimortem bite marks:
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create a bruising pattern that is well defined
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postmortem bite marks
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has well defined dentition but no bruising
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where is DNA found
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in the nucleus of human cells
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what are the 4 bases found in DNA
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Adenine
Guanine Cytosine Thymine |
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what is a gene
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a segment of DNA that codes for a protein
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define introns
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sequence of bases within genes that do not code for proteins
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how many loci are used in FBI national database
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13 specific loci
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what is the purpose of a PCR (polymerase Chain reaction
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to make a huge number of copies of a small region of the genome
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3 major steps in PCR
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denaturation
annealing extension |
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what is CODIS
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enables fed, state, and local crime labs to exchange and compare DNA profiles electronically
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Locard's exchange principle
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whenever two objects come into contact with one another, there is an exchange of materials between them
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chain of custody
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a list of people who came into possession of an item of evidence
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standard/reference sample
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physical evidence whose origin is known, such as blood or hair from a suspect, that can be compared to crime-scene evidence
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buccal swab
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a swab of the inner portion of the cheek
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substrate control
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uncontaminated surface material close to an area where physical evidence has been deposited.
used to ensure that the surface on which a sample has been deposited does not interfere with laboratory tests |
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identification
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process of determining a substance's physical or chemical identity
ex. drug analysis, species determination etc |
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product rule
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multiplying together the frequencies of independently occurring genetic markers to obtain an overall frequency of occurrence for a genetic profile
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what is the IAFIS
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integrated automated fingerprint identification system - national fingerprint and criminal history system maintained by the FBI
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what is CODIS
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combined DNA index systems
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what is NIBIN
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national integrated ballistics information network - maintained by the bureau of alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives
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spectrophotometry
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an analytical method for identifying a substance by its selective absorption of different wavelengths of light
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chromatography
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any of several analytical techniques for separating organic mixtures iinto their components by attraction to a stationary phase while being propelled by a moving phase
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psychological dependence
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conditioned use of a drug caused by underlying emotional needs
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physical dependence
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physiological need for a drug that has been brought about by its regular use
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microcrystalline tests
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tests to identify specific substances by the color and morphology of the crystals formed when the substance is mixed with specific reagents
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