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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is restorative justice? |
Braithwaite “crime hurts, justice heals”. Supervised meeting between victim and offender where they can take responsibility and positive change. Can result in funds or community service |
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Evaluation of restorative justice: |
Flexible and cost effective May rely on offender showing remorse and can be difficult to implement |
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What did Navajo suggest? |
Cognitive factors trigger emotional arousal which leads to aggressive acts |
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What are the 3 stages of anger management? |
Cognitive preparation- reflect on past and recognise triggers Still acquisition - learn techniques, behaviour (communication), cognitive (positive self talk) and physiological (relaxation) Application practice |
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Evaluation of anger management: |
Supporting evidence - Ireland found 92% improvement due to anger management Limited long - term affective was Anger could be correlated with crime not a cause Difficult to implement |
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What is behaviour modification? |
Token economy |
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What are the 4 sims of custodial sentencing? |
Deter Incapacitation - out of public Retribution Rehabilitation |
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What are the 4 sims of custodial sentencing? |
Deter Incapacitation - out of public Retribution Rehabilitation |
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What are the psychology effect of custodial sentences? |
Stress and depression - self harm and suicide are higher in prison Institionalisation - prison becomes the norm Prisonisation - socialised to ‘inmate code’ |
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What’s recidivism? |
Reoffending |
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Stats of reoffending: |
Ministry of justice said was 50% within a year of release In 2007 was recovered at 70% Highest rates in world compared to countries who focus on rehabilitation |
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Evaluation of dealing with offending behaviour: |
Opportunity for training and treatment Individual differences Can have psychological affects - Bartol 15x higher suicide rates Differential theory suggests they’ll learn tricks of the trade and commit more crime |
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What are psychodynamic explanations? |
Weak superego - same sex parent absent at phallic stage leads to immoral and criminal behaviour Deviant superego - internalised fathers immoral thinking Over - harsh superego - over guilty leading to criminal acts as they seek punishment |
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Evaluation of dealing with offending behaviour: |
Opportunity for training and treatment Individual differences Can have psychological affects - Bartol 15x higher suicide rates Differential theory suggests they’ll learn tricks of the trade and commit more crime |
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What are psychodynamic explanations? |
Weak superego - same sex parent absent at phallic stage leads to immoral and criminal behaviour Deviant superego - internalised fathers immoral thinking Over - harsh superego - over guilty leading to criminal acts as they seek punishment |
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Evaluation of the psychodynamic approach: |
Little supporting evidence Gender bias Lacks scientific credibility |
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Maternal deprivation theory: |
Being maternal deprived can lead to criminality ‘affection less psychopathy’ 44 juvenile thieves - 14 showed affection less psychopathy and 12 of which suffered maternal deprivation Control group only had 2 |
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Evaluation of Maternal Deprivation |
Supporting evidence but is weak due to bias Could be explained better differently |
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What are Kohlbergs levels of moral reasoning? |
Preconceptions morality: Stage one - punishment oriented and stage two is instrumental oriented (personal gain) Conventional morality: Stage 3 - rules obeyed for approval stage 4 - maintenance to social order Postconventional: Stage 5 - morality contract and individual rights Stage 6 - morality conscience (morals and ethics) |
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What are Kohlbergs levels of moral reasoning? |
Preconceptions morality: Stage one - punishment oriented and stage two is instrumental oriented (personal gain) Conventional morality: Stage 3 - rules obeyed for approval stage 4 - maintenance to social order Postconventional: Stage 5 - morality contract and individual rights Stage 6 - morality conscience (morals and ethics) |
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Evaluation of Kohlbergs theory: |
Supporting evidence - he found violent youths have significantly lower moral reasoning Individual differences and cause and effect |
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What are cognitive distortions? |
errors and biases in peoples info processing system due to faulty thinking, criminals use it to justify their actions. |
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What is hostile atrribution bias? |
Misinterpreting the actions of others so they have a violent response back. 55 violent offenders found to misinterpret faces as aggressive. |
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What is minimalisation? |
downplaying the offence - 'euphemistic label' (Bandura) doing their job |
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What is Eysncks criminal personality? |
neurotic - extraverts as they are unpredictable and seek excitement leading to them committing crimes. also score high on psychosis. |
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Evidence for Eysnck: |
compared 270 prisoners to a control group, inmates scored higher on the personality test. Showing how they do they the traits. |
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What is the atavistic form by Lombrosso? |
offenders lack evolutionary development so they have atavistic features such as curly hair, dark skin, prominent jaw. murderers - curly hair sexual deviants - fleshy lips |
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research into atavism: |
lombrosso examined 383 dead criminals and nearly 4000 live ones. 40% had atavistic features. |
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Evaluation of atavism: |
shifted crime to a more scientific lense insufficient evidence racist |
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Twin study - Lange |
30 MZ ad 17 DZ 10 Mz and 2 DZ had a co - twin who was also in prison. |
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